Research Collection. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Somandin, Christian. Publication Date: 2013

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Litaf regulates Wallerian degeneration after nerve injury but is not essential for peripheral nerve development & dynamin 2 ablation in adult Schwann cells affects the integrity of peripheral nerves Author(s): Somandin, Christian Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH No Litaf Regulates Wallerian Degeneration after Nerve Injury but Is not Essential for Peripheral Nerve Development & Dynamin 2 Ablation in Adult Schwann Cells Affects the Integrity of Peripheral Nerves A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by CHRISTIAN SOMANDIN Dipl. Natw. ETH, ETH Zurich born citizen of Zurich ZH accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Ueli Suter (referee) Prof. Dr. Roman Chrast (co-referee) Prof. Dr. Claire Jacob (co-referee) 2013

3 SUMMARY SUMMARY Peripheral neuropathies are often disabling conditions that substantially impair quality of life. The reasons for the loss of axons or the myelin sheath can be manifold, comprising metabolic and toxic insults, inflammatory conditions or gene mutations. Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT) is the most prevalent inherited neurological disorder, affecting the human peripheral nervous system. Distal muscle weakness and atrophy, predominating in the lower extremities, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, distal sensory loss and skeletal deformities are the clinical hallmarks of this disorder. More than thirty genes have been identified to display disease-causing mutations. Heterozygous missense mutations in the LITAF gene lead to CMT1C, a dominantly inherited, demyelinating form of CMT. In this study, we sought to determine the requirement of Litaf function in peripheral nerves, which is the only known affected tissue in CMT1C. We reasoned that this knowledge is a prerequisite for a thorough understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms with regard to a potential contribution of Litaf loss of function. In addition, we anticipated obtaining valuable information about the basic function of the Litaf protein in peripheral nerves. To address these issues, we generated mice without Litaf expression, and analyzed Litaf-deficient peripheral nerves during development, in nerve maintenance, and after crush injury. Our results show that Litaf function is not absolutely required for peripheral nerve development and maintenance. In injured nerves, however, we found that lack of Litaf led to increased numbers of macrophages during Wallerian degeneration, to accelerated myelin destruction, and to the emergence of more axonal sprouts. Consistent with these data, the migration of Litaf-deficient macrophages was increased upon chemokine stimulation. We conclude that loss of LITAF function is unlikely to be a major contributor to CMT1C, but may exhibit a modulatory effect on macrophages, which in turn, have an impact on the nerve regeneration upon injury. Dynamin 2 (DNM2) is another CMT-associated gene. Mutations in DNM2 were found to cause DI- CMT1B, a dominant-intermediate form of CMT. Dnm2 performs numerous and various functions. Accordingly, the identification of the pathophysiological mechanism is difficult. We reasoned that an analysis of the general role of Dnm2 in peripheral nerves would contribute best to the disection of the disease-causing mechanism. Loss of Dnm2 was found to impair developmental nerve myelination. Therefore, we turned our attention to the role of Dnm2 in the maintenance of the peripheral nervous system. We generated genetically altered mice with inducible Schwann cell-specific Dnm2 ablation. Our results revealed that Dnm2 ablation caused an immediate but temporary disruption of myelin integrity. The myelin destruction was accompanied by a strong inflammatory reaction. We conclude from our data that Dnm2 plays a crucial role in myelin maintenance. 7

4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Periphere Neuropathien sind neurologische Störungen, die die Lebensqualität von Menschen erheblich einschränken können. Die Erkrankung ist mit dem Verlust von Axonen oder der Myelinscheide peripherer Nerven assoziiert. Die vielfältigen Gründe können metabolischen oder toxischen, entzündlichen oder genetischen Ursprungs sein. Charcot-Maire-Tooth Neuropathien (CMT) sind die häufigsten vererbbaren neurologischen Störungen des periphere Nervensystem. CMT zeichnet sich durch das Auftreten distaler Muskelschwäche und Muskelatrophie hauptsächlich der unteren Extremitäten aus. Weitere Hauptcharakteristika der Erkrankung sind verminderte oder fehlende Sehnenreflexe, der distale Verlust sensorischer Funktionen und pathologische Veränderungen an den Extremitäten. Mittlerweile sind Mutationen in mehr als 30 Genen entdeckt worden, die CMT verursachen können. Heterozygot vererbte Mutationen in LITAF können zu CMT1C führen, einer dominant vererbten, demyelinisierenden Form von CMT. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die Bedeutung von LITAF für periphere Nerven da dies das einzige betroffene Gewebe in CMT1C ist. Wir erwarten, dass das Verständnis der physiologischen Funktion von LITAF nötig ist, um den Mechanismus der Erkrankung durch mutiertes LITAF aufzuklären. Entsprechend haben wir genetisch veränderte Mäuse generiert, die kein LITAF exprimieren können. In diesen Tieren haben wir periphere Nerven während der Entwicklung, der Erhaltung nach Abschluss der Myelinisierung und nach Verletzung untersucht. Unsere Analysen haben ergeben, dass LITAF für die Entwicklung und die Erhaltung des peripheren Nerves nicht notwendig ist. Nach einer Verletzung von peripheren Nerven, allerdings, hat der Verlust von LITAF zu einer erhöhten Anzahl von Makrophagen während der Wallerischen Degeneration geführt, hat den Myelinabbau beschleunigt und zur Bildung von mehr axonalen Wachstumssprossen geführt. Im Einklang mit diesen Ergebnissen steht, dass die Migration von LITAF defizienten Makrophagen nach eines Chemokin-Stimulus erhöht ist. Zusammenfassend hat unsere Untersuchung ergeben, dass der Verlust von LITAF zwar keine CMT1C ähnlichen Symptome in Mäusen verursacht, dafür aber die Eigenschaft von Makrophagen so modifizieren kann, dass diese Einfluss auf die Regeneration von verletzten Nerven nehmen. Dynamin 2 (Dnm2) ist ein weiteres CMT assoziiertes Gen. Mutationen in Dnm2 wurden mit DI- CMT1B, einer dominant-intermediären Form von CMT1, in Verbindung gebracht. Dnm2 erfüllt zahlreiche und unterschiedliche Funktionen. Daher ist es schwierig, den pathophysiologischen Mechanismus der Erkrankung zu ermitteln. Ähnlich wie zuvor erwarten wir, dass die Analyse der physiologischen Rolle von Dnm2 in Peripheren Neven zwingend notwendig für die Ermittlung des Krankheitsmechanismus ist. Kürzlich wurde beschrieben, dass der Verlust von Dnm2 die entwicklungsbezogene Myelinisierung der peripheren Nerven beeinträchtig. Wir haben uns deshalb 9

5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG darauf konzentriert, die Rolle von Dnm2 bei der Aufrechterhaltung des peripheren Nervensystems zu untersuchen. Dafür haben wir genetisch veränderte Mäuse generiert, die es uns erlauben, den Verlust von Dnm2 in myelinisierenden Schwannzellen von adulten Tieren zu induzieren. Unsere Analyse hat ergeben, dass der Verlust von Dnm2 zu einer massiven, jedoch zeitlich begrenzten Störung der Integrität der Myelinscheide führt. Darüber hinaus haben wir beobachtet, dass der Myelinabbau von einer starken Entzündungsreaktion begleitet wird. Aus diesen Daten schliessen wir, dass Dnm2 ein wichtiger Faktor in der Aufrechterhaltung des peripheren Myelins ist. 10

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