Tables. A.1 List of tables in the main text

Transkript

1 A Tables A.1 List of tables in the main text Chap. Title Table Page 2 Typical velocities Typical acceleration values Typical values for angular velocity, rotational speed and circumferential velocity v Typical forces acting on a bullet Typical kinetic energy levels encountered in ballistics Comparison between linear and rotational motion Temperature reference points Examples of Reynolds numbers for bullets Powder data Burning rates Energy balance mm NATO (308 Win.) Typical gas pressures at the muzzle Extract from ballistics table, showing stability and tractability numbers Gurney constant G K for a number of common explosives Constant C G for the Gurney formula Weapons used by LAGARDE for his experiments Possible types of wound channel Pressure in a skull as a bullet passes through Length of the narrow channel as a function of the angle of incidence 0 at the point of impact Temporary cavity as a function of E a. (After CHARTERS and CHARTERS ) Results of experiments with 6 mm steel spheres (from FACKLER et al. 1986) Advantages and disadvantages of each simulant Throwback velocity (v K ) and rotational velocity ( ) (m K = 80 kg) Form factors for StP (stopping power) and RSP (relative stopping power) Effectiveness of handgun cartridges, measured in accordance with four criteria (W H, W TH, StP and RSP) B. P. Kneubuehl (Ed.) et al., Wound Ballistics, DOI / , Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

2 346 Appendix A: Tables Chap. Title Table Page 4 Tables for PIR Comparison between the various effectiveness criteria Corresponding rankings Energy thresholds laid down by States Hit distribution for US infantrymen in the Second World War Summary of the US effectiveness criteria % energy density thresholds for various parts of the body, in J/mm 2 (after BIR, STEWART et al. 2005) Threshold energy density and velocity (measured values) Results of firing various projectiles from an airgun into the thigh of an adult (after MISSLIWETZ 1987) Determining v gr : Results of measurements conducted by TAUSCH et al. (1978) Values for C D from the literature Threshold velocities for eyes (rabbit). With one exception, a steel sphere was used Threshold velocities for eyes (rabbit). Steel cubes (STEWART 1961) Energy densities of a number of alarm pistols as a function of distance from the muzzle Percentages of wounds caused by bullets and fragments in conventional warfare (from GANZONI 1975) Values for 2, and in formulas (4.4:18-21) Ballistic data for a number of non-lethal projectiles of low sectional density Ballistic data for various types of rubber shot Wounding potential of various projectiles, balls, pucks and similar Velocities obtainable using vertical tubes and towers ICRC wound classification: Points to be scored

3 A.2 Characteristics of materials 347 A.2 Characteristics of materials A.2.1 Fluids and materials that behave like fluids Density ( ), compressibility ( ), dynamic viscosity ( ) kinematic viscosity ( ), speed of sound (c) Material T C c C [kg/m 3 ] [1/Pa] [Pa s] [m 2 /s] [m/s] Water Glycerine Ethanol Soap a Gelatine 10% a Gelatine 20% a Air a At 30 C. Measurements not possible at lower temperatures. Viscosity increases rapidly as temperature decreases (SAHLI 1990). A.2.2 Solid materials The table below lists the typical density, tensile strength and Young s modulus of materials used in the manufacture of bullets. These are approximate values (for non-ferrous metals, e.g. coldworked, 50%) which may change significantly depending on how the material is used. Material Density Tensile strength Young s modulus Composition [kg/m 3 ] [N/mm 2 ] [N/mm 2 ] [%] Steel (C 45) Fe 7, ,000 Reinforced steel 7,850 1, ,000 Copper Cu 8, ,000 Nickel Ni 8, ,000 Cupro-nickel 8, , Ni, 1 Fe, 2 Mn Brass CuZn 8, , Zn Tombac CuZn 8, , Zn Antimony lead PbSb 10, , Sb Aluminium Al 2, ,000 Duraluminium 2, ,000 4 Cu,1 Mg,1 Mn Tungsten W 19,300 1, ,000

4 348 Appendix A: Tables A.3 Calibre designations (metric system) Values and nomenclature from the data sheets of the CIP (Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms). English names based on the standard work Cartridges of the World by F. C. BARNES (7th Edition). A.3.1 Handguns Designation Calibre Bullet Case length C.I.P. English [mm] [mm] [mm] Soviet Browning 25 Auto Pistol GJW Ord. Swiss 7.5 mm Swiss Army Rev Nagant 7.62 mm Russian Nagant Rev Tokarev Russian Tokarev Mauser 30 Mauser Browning 32 Auto Parabellum 30 Luger mm Browning short 38 Auto mm Ultra mm Makarov 9 mm Russian Makarov mm Luger a mm Browning long 9 mm Browning long mm Auto S & W 32 Smith & Wesson Long Colt SIG Magnum S & W 38 Smith & Wesson Special (38 Spl.) 38 Smith & Wesson Special Super Auto S & W 40 Smith & Wesson Auto Rem. Mag. 41 Smith & Wesson Magnum S & W Special 44 Smith & Wesson Special Rem. Mag. 44 Smith & Wesson Magnum Auto a Formerly known as 9 mm Parabellum

5 A.3 Calibre designations (metric system) 349 A.3.2 Military rifles Designation Calibre Bullet Case length Military C.I.P. [mm] [mm] [mm] (Kalashnikov) mm NATO 223 Rem. ( ) mm GP Suisse (Kalashnikov) M 1 Carbine 30 Carbine ( ) mm NATO 308 Win. ( ) mm Mosin-Nagant R Spring. ( ) British 303 British ( R) A.3.3 Hunting and sporting rifles Designation Calibre Bullet Case length C.I.P. [mm] [mm] [mm] mm Rem mm BR Norma GJW mm Rem. Mag mm Weath. Mag J JS S S S R R Rem Win Win

6 350 Appendix A: Tables Designation Calibre Bullet Case length C.I.P. [mm] [mm] [mm] 280 Rem Win H&H Mag Weath. Mag Win. Mag Savage British Win H&H Mag Win. Mag Weath. Mag Abbreviations: Mag. Magnum Win. Winchester Rem. Remington Weath. Weatherby Spring. Springfield A.4 Ballistic data for cartridges (metric system) A.4.1 Handgun cartridges Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [mm] [g] [g/mm²] [m/s] [N s] [J] [J/mm²] Browning mm Nagant Tokarev Mauser Browning Parabellum mm Browning short mm Browning long mm Makarov mm Luger mm Luger (submachine gun) mm Auto

7 A.4 Ballistic data for cartridges (metric system) 351 Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [mm] [g] [g/mm²] [m/s] [N s] [J] [J/mm²] 22 short long L.R. (22 long rifle) Win. Mag S & W S & W long Magnum SIG S & W S & W Spl S & W Mag Rem. Mag S & W Special Auto Colt A.4.2 Military ammunition Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [mm] [g] [g/mm 2 ] [m/s] [N s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] (MP 7) (Kalashnikov) (223 Rem.) mm NATO mm GP 90 (Swiss) Suisse (Kalashnikov) mm NATO ( ) R mm Mauser M1 Carbine Win. Mag ( ) British

8 352 Appendix A: Tables A.4.3 Hunting and sporting ammunition Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [mm] [g] [g/mm 2 ] [m/s] [N s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] SE v. H mm Rem mm BR Norma M. Sch GJW R SE v. Hofe mm Rem. Mag mm Weath. Mag JS S S R R Rem Win Rem Savage Win

9 A.4 Ballistic data for cartridges (metric system) 353 Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [mm] [g] [g/mm 2 ] [m/s] [N s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] 270 Win Rem Win Spring H & H Mag Weath. Mag Win. Mag Savage British Win H & H Mag Win. Mag Weath. Mag A.4.4 Pre-1900 weapons and ammunition Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [mm] [g] [g/mm 2 ] [m/s] [N s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] Flintlock rifle a Flintlock rifle b Flintlock pistol c Percussion rifle d Dreyse (D) Chassepot (F) Vetterli (CH) Springfield Gewehr 88 (D) Values for first three weapons from MISSLIWETZ and WIESER. a Hunting rifle, second half of 18th century. Weight 3.88 kg, barrel length 680 mm. b Flintlock rifle with combined match and smooth bore. Montecuccolli, built in 1686, weight 4.2 kg. barrel length 1050 mm. c Smooth-bore pistol. Built around Weight 1.16 kg, barrel length 332 mm. d Percussion rifle. Mid-19th-century.

10 354 Appendix A: Tables A.4.5 Ballistic performance of certain bows and crossbows A Technical data a Weapon Weight Pull force Draw length Mass Length Arrow/bolt diameter [kg] [N] [cm] [g] [cm] [mm] Crossbow, 180 lbs Crossbow, 220 lbs Pistol crossbow Delta V longbow a from MISSLIWETZ and WIESER (1985a) A Ballistic data a Weapon v E Max. range Penetration depth Wood Gelatine [m/s] [J] [m] [cm] [cm] Crossbow, 180 lbs Crossbow, 220 lbs >30 Pistol crossbow Delta V longbow >30 a from MISSLIWETZ and WIESER (1985a) A.4.6 Ballistic data for various types of projectiles used in sport a Projectile m d v E ED Range b [g] [mm] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [m] Golfball Tennis ball Squash ball Nouss (used in hornussen c ) d 300 Baseball Ice-hockey puck Football Handball Shot used in shot-putting a Approximate values encountered at top levels in the sports concerned Source: Internet and various reference works. b Ballistic calculations, based on data from tables. c Swiss team sport (see KNEUBUEHL 2001). d Energy density when the projectile is in the vicinity of the opposing team.

11 A.5 Calibre designations (British/U.S. system) 355 A.5 Calibre designations (British/U.S. system) Values and nomenclature from the data sheets of the CIP (Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms). English names based on the standard work Cartridges of the World by F. C. BARNES (7th Edition). A.5.1 Handguns Designation Calibre Bullet Case length C.I.P. English [in] [in] [in] Soviet Browning 25 Auto Pistol GJW Ord. Swiss 7.5 mm Swiss Army Rev Nagant 7.62 mm Russian Nagant Rev Tokarev Russian Tokarev Mauser 30 Mauser Browning 32 Auto Parabellum 30 Luger mm Browning short 38 Auto mm Ultra mm Makarov 9 mm Russian Makarov mm Luger a mm Browning long 9 mm Browning long mm Auto S & W 32 Smith & Wesson Long Colt SIG Magnum S & W 38 Smith & Wesson Special (38 Spl.) 38 Smith & Wesson Special Super Auto S & W 40 Smith & Wesson Auto Rem. Mag. 41 Smith & Wesson Magnum S & W Special 44 Smith & Wesson Special Rem. Mag. 44 Smith & Wesson Magnum Auto a Formerly known as 9 mm Parabellum

12 356 Appendix A: Tables A.5.2 Military rifles Designation Calibre Bullet Case length Military C.I.P. [in] [in] [in] (Kalashnikov) mm NATO 223 Rem. ( ) mm GP Suisse (Kalashnikov) M 1 Carbine 30 Carbine ( ) mm NATO 308 Win. ( ) mm Mosin-Nagant R Spring. ( ) British 303 British ( R) A.5.3 Hunting and sporting rifles Designation Calibre Bullet Case length C.I.P. [in] [in] [in] mm Rem mm BR Norma GJW mm Rem. Mag mm Weath. Mag J JS S S S R R Rem Win Win

13 A.6 Ballistic data for cartridges (British/U.S. system) 357 Designation Calibre Bullet Case length C.I.P. [in] [in] [in] 280 Rem Win H&H Mag Weath. Mag Win. Mag Savage British Win H&H Mag Win. Mag Weath. Mag Abbreviations: Mag. Magnum Win. Winchester Rem. Remington Weath. Weatherby Spring. Springfield A.6 Ballistic data for cartridges (British/U.S. units) A.6.1 Handgun cartridges Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [in] [gr] [lb/in²] [ft/s] [lbf s] [ft lbf] [ a ] Browning mm Nagant Tokarev Mauser Browning Parabellum mm Browning short mm Browning long mm Makarov mm Luger mm Luger (submachine gun) mm Auto a [ft lbf/in 2 ]

14 358 Appendix A: Tables Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [in] [gr] [lb/in²] [ft/s] [lbf s] [ft lbf] [ a ] 22 short long L.R. (22 long rifle) Win. Mag S & W S & W long Magnum SIG S & W S & W Spl S & W Mag Rem. Mag S & W Special Auto Colt A.6.2 Military ammunition (U.S.) Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [in] [gr] [lb/in²] [ft/s] [lbf s] [ft lbf] [ a ] (MP 7) (Kalashnikov) (223 Rem.) mm NATO mm GP 90 (Swiss) Suisse (Kalashnikov) mm NATO (308 Win.) R mm Mauser M1 Carbine Win. Mag ( ) British a [ft lbf/in 2 ]

15 A.6 Ballistic data for cartridges (British/U.S. system) 359 A.6.3 Hunting and sporting ammunition Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [in] [gr] [lb/in²] [ft/s] [lbf s] [ft lbf] [ a ] SE v. H mm Rem mm BR Norma M. Sch GJW R SE v. Hofe mm Rem. Mag mm Weath. Mag JS S S R R Rem Win Rem Savage Win

16 360 Appendix A: Tables Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [in] [gr] [lb/in²] [ft/s] [lbf s] [ft lbf] [ a ] 270 Win Rem Win Spring H & H Mag Weath. Mag Win. Mag Savage British Win H & H Mag Win. Mag Weath. Mag a [ft lbf/in 2 ] A.6.4 Pre-1900 weapons and ammunition Designation Calibre Mass q v 0 I E ED [in] [gr] [lb/in²] [ft/s] [lbf s] [ft lbf] [ e ] Flintlock rifle a Flintlock rifle b Flintlock pistol c Percussion rifle d Dreyse (D) Chassepot (F) Vetterli (CH) Springfield Gewehr 88 (D) Values for first three weapons from MISSLIWETZ and WIESER. a Hunting rifle, second half of 18th century. Weight 3.88 kg, barrel length 680 mm. b Flintlock rifle with combined match and smooth bore. Montecuccolli, built in 1686, weight 4.2 kg. barrel length 1050 mm. c Smooth-bore pistol. Built around Weight 1.16 kg, barrel length 332 mm. d Percussion rifle. Mid-19th-century. e [ft lbf/in 2 ]

17 A.6 Ballistic data for cartridges (British/U.S. system) 361 A.6.5 Ballistic performance of certain bows and crossbows A Technical data a Weapon Weight Pull force Draw length Mass Arrow Length Arrow/bolt diameter [lb] [lbf] [in] [gr] [in] [in] Crossbow, 180 lbs Crossbow, 220 lbs Pistol crossbow Delta V longbow a from MISSLIWETZ and WIESER (1985a) A Ballistic data a Weapon v E Max. range Penetration depth Wood Gelatine [ft/s] [ft lbf] [yd] [in] [in] Crossbow, 180 lbs Crossbow, 220 lbs > 11.8 Pistol crossbow Delta V longbow > 11.8 a from MISSLIWETZ and WIESER (1985a) A.6.6 Ballistic data for various types of projectiles used in sport a Projectile m d v E ED Range b [lb] [in] [ft/s] [ft lbf] [ c ] [yd] Golfball Tennis ball Squash ball Nouss (used in hornussen d ) x e 328 Baseball Ice-hockey puck x Football Handball Shot used in shot-putting a Approximate values encountered at top levels in the sports concerned Source: Internet and various reference works. b Ballistic calculations, based on data from the table. c [ft lbf/in 2 ] d Swiss team sport (see KNEUBUEHL 2001). e Energy density when the projectile is in the vicinity of the opposing team.

18 362 Appendix A: Tables A.7 Bullet designations A.7.1 Bullet form English Abbreviation German Abbreviation round ball Kugel round nose RN Rundkopf R flat point FP Flachkopf F spire point SP Spitzkopf S wadcutter WC Scharfrand semi-wadcutter SWC truncated cone TC Kegelstumpf KS boattailed BT mit Heckkonus A.7.2 Bullet material English Abbreviation German Abbreviation lead Pb Blei Pb copper Cu Kupfer Cu brass Messing Ms sintered iron Sintereisen steel Stahl Fe aluminium Al Aluminium Al tungsten W Wolfram W plastic Kunststoff P wood Holz A.7.3 Bullet structure English Abbreviation German Abbreviation full metal-jacketed FMJ Vollmantel VM jacketed J Mantel M copper-jacketed CJ Kupfermantel CuVM semi-jacketed SJ Teilmantel (kurz) TM soft-point SP Teilmantel (lang) TM hollow-point HP Hohlspitze HSp lead hollow-point LHP Vollblei- PbHSp Vollkupfer- CuHSp semi-jacketed hollow-point SJHP Teilmantel- TMHSp metal-point MP Metallkappe MK

19 A.8 Geometric data for selected bullets 363 A.8 Geometric data for selected bullets The following values were obtained, by measurement, by the weapon systems and munitions department of armasuisse, W+T, Thun Switzerland. Abbreviations: m : mass of bullet g : length of bullet J a : axial moment of inertia x SP : distance between centre of gravity and tip J q : radial moment of inertia A.8.1 Military bullets Designation Bullet m J a 10 8 J q 10 7 g x SP [g] [kg m 2 ] [kg m 2 ] [mm] [mm] (Kalashnikov) FMJ SP SS 109 FMJ SP SS 92 FMJ SP mm GP 90 (CH) FMJ SP (Suisse) FMJ SP (Kalashnikov) FMJ SP mm NATO FMJ SP A.8.2 Other bullets Designation Bullet m J a 10 8 J q 10 7 g x SP [g] [kg m 2 ] [kg m 2 ] [mm] [mm] 9 mm Luger FMJ RN Mag. FMJ TC Spl. LRN Spl. FMJ FP Spl. Finishing shot Rem. Mag. TM FP Partitioned TIG TC mm Rem. Mag. TC Win. FMJ SP Win. RWS Match Win. Sierra MK Win. Soft-point Weath. Mag. FMJ RN

20 364 Appendix A: Tables A.9 Twist length, angle of twist and rotation A.9.1 Handguns Designation Calibre v 0 Twist length Angle Rotation [mm] [m/s] [mm] [Kal] [in] [ ] [1/s] 22 L.R Browning Parabellum mm Browning, short mm Browning, long mm Luger mm Luger (subm. gun) S & W Spl Magnum Mag Rem. Mag Auto A.9.2 Rifles A Military rifles Designation Calibre v 0 Twist length Angle Rotation [mm] [m/s] [mm] [Cal] [in] [ ] [1/s] (AKS-74) (223 Rem.) mm NATO mm GP 90 (Swiss) Suisse (AK-47) mm NATO R M1 Carbine Win. Mag ( )

21 A.9 Twist length, angle of twist and rotation 365 A Hunting and sporting rifles Designation Calibre v 0 Twist length Angle of twist Rotation [mm] [m/s] [mm] [Cal] [in] [ ] [1/s] M. Sch mm Rem. Mag mm Weath. Mag JS S S R Rem Win Win Rem Win ( ) H & H Mag Weath. Mag Win. Mag Savage British Win H & H Mag Win. Mag Weath. Mag

22 366 Appendix A: Tables A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) A.10.1 Notes These tables use mils for the angle of both the angle of shot and the angle of descent mils At the small angles encountered with flat-trajectory weapons, 1 mil corresponds to 1 mm change in altitude per metre of flight. The ballistics tables are valid at sea level, and were generated using k-ballistics 4 software ( S. ROTHE). Abbreviations: x : Range t : Time of flight as : Angle of shot Cw : Deviation with a cross-wind of 10 m/s v : Velocity y s : Vertex height E : Energy x s : Vertex distance ED : Energy density ad : Angle of descent A.10.2 Handguns 6.35 Browning, m = 3.2 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

23 A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) Tokarev, m = 5.6 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] Browning, m = 4.6 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

24 368 Appendix A: Tables 9 mm Makarov, m = 6.1 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] mm Luger FMJ RN, m = 8.0 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

25 A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) Spl. LRN, m = 10.2 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] Magnum SJHP, m = 8 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

26 370 Appendix A: Tables 40 S & W SJHP, m = 10.0 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] Rem. Mag., SJHP, m = 15.6 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

27 A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) Auto FMJ RN, m = 14.9 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] Flintlock pistol, 13.5 mm, m = 14.5 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

28 372 Appendix A: Tables A.10.3 Rifles AK-74, m = 3.45 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] M 193 (SS 92), m = 3.56 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

29 A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) SS 109 (M 855), m = 4.0 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] mm BR Norma, m = 6.9 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

30 374 Appendix A: Tables 7 64 partition, m = 11.2 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] mm Rem. Mag. spire point, m = 9.0 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

31 A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) Swiss (GP11), m = 11.3 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] AK-47 (Kalashnikov), m = 8.0 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

32 376 Appendix A: Tables 7.62 mm NATO (308 Win.), m = 9.5 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] Win. Mag. Sierra MK, m = 12.3 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]

33 A.10 Ballistics tables (metric system) S FMJ RN, m = g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil] TC, m = 16.0 g x as v E ED t Cw y s x s ad [m] [Mil] [m/s] [J] [J/mm 2 ] [s] [cm] [cm] [m] [Mil]