Inductively Coupled Microsensor Networks: Relay Enabled Cooperative Communication and Localization

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Inductively Coupled Microsensor Networks: Relay Enabled Cooperative Communication and Localization Author(s): Slottke, Eric Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss. ETH No Inductively Coupled Microsensor Networks Relay Enabled Cooperative Communication and Localization A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by ERIC NATHAN SLOTTKE Dipl.-Ing., Leibniz Universität Hannover born on July 07, 1985 citizen of Germany and the United States of America accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Armin Wittneben, examiner Prof. Dr. Christoph Mecklenbräuker, co-examiner 2016

3 Abstract In this thesis, we study a novel paradigm for wireless sensor networks: we envision a dense microsensor network, consisting of hundreds or thousands of highly miniaturized wireless nodes with millimeter or sub-millimeter dimensions. Such a microsensor network has many interesting applications ranging from in vivo medical sensing to environmental monitoring. However, the design and operation of the envisioned type of network are challenging: the large number of nodes, in combination with the small form factor, imposes severe constraints on both node complexity as well as power consumption. We propose using inductive near-eld coupling as advantageous physical layer choice, allowing an RFID-like operation of the network with wireless power supply from central reader devices and low-complexity tag design. The use of inductive near-eld coupling has only rarely been studied in the context of microsensor networks. Our primary goals for inductively coupled microsensors are twofold: we want to enable reliable communication to and between sensor nodes, and perform accurate localization of individual sensors. Both tasks are aected by the central limitation of a physical layer based on near-eld coupling: the severely limited range of interaction. We will show throughout this thesis that the use of wireless relaying allows for overcoming this limitation. Based on a circuit-theoretic communication framework extended to inductively coupled microsensor networks, we rst explore fundamental properties and design limitations. We then investigate suitable approaches to relaying and study their use to increase both the communication range and link reliability. In addition to improving the communication performance of microsensor networks, we demonstrate the capability of inductively coupled relays to enable novel secondary uses of the wireless channel. To this end we show that relay-assisted microsensor networks can achieve distributed computation by introducing a scheme to implement wireless articial neural networks over multihop MIMO channels. We continue by showing the feasibility of accurate localization in an RFID-like setting. To this end, we propose a novel method that allows for the localization of a purely passive sensor only consisting of a simple loop antenna and a matching circuit. The unknown position of the sensor is hereby reconstructed from measuring i

4 Abstract the input impedance at several reference nodes. By the use of relaying, this scheme can also be adopted to networks with only a single measurement entity. To verify the obtained theoretical and simulative results, we present an experimental setup and perform a practical evaluation of selected schemes. In this context, appropriate methods for mitigating the imperfections of real-world measurements are developed. ii

5 Kurzfassung Dieser Dissertation liegt ein neuartiges Konzept für drahtlose Sensornetzwerke zugrunde: dichte Netzwerke, bestehend aus hunderten oder tausenden von hoch miniaturisierten drahtlosen Knoten mit Abmessungen im Millimeter- oder Submillimeter-Bereich. Diese von uns als Mikrosensornetzwerk bezeichnete Konguration ermöglicht eine Vielzahl interessanter Anwedungen von medizinischer Sensorik im Körperinneren bis hin zur Erfassung kleinräumiger Umweltphänomene. Die Anzahl der Funkknoten sowie deren Miniaturisierung führt hierbei zu Herausforderungen etwa in Fragen der Energieversorgung oder der Systemkomplexität einzelner Funkknoten. Wir schlagen in diesem Zusammenhang die Verwendung von induktiver Nahfeldkopplung als Übertragungstechnologie für Mikrosensornetzwerke vor. Diese Technologie erlaubt eine externe Energieversorung passiver Funkknoten mit geringer Komplexität. Die Verwendung induktiver Kopplung als Übertragungstechnologie für Mikrosensornetzwerke wurde bislang in der Literatur kaum behandelt. Im Kontext induktiv gekoppelter Mikrosensornetzwerke verfolgen wir zwei vorrangige Ziele: zum einen die zuverlässige Kommunikation mit und zwischen einzelnen Funkknoten, sowie die genaue drahtlose Ortung einzelner Knoten innerhalb des Netzwerks. Hierbei stellt die Beschränkung der Interaktion induktiv gekoppelter Funkknoten auf den Nahfeldbereich für beide Aufgaben eine zentrale Herausforderung dar. Wir zeigen dass diese Problematik durch den Einsatz einzelner Funkknoten als Relays bewältigt werden kann. Auf Basis eines an induktiv gekoppelte Mikrosensornetzwerke angepassten, schaltungstheoretischen Kommunikationsmodells betrachten wir zunächst fundamentale Eigenschaften und Grenzen solcher Netzwerke. Wir untersuchen weiterhin wie durch den Einsatz induktiv gekoppelter Relays die Kommunikationsreichweite und Verbindungsqualität verbessert werden können. Neben der Unterstützung der Kommunikation in Mikrosensornetzwerken demonstrieren wir neuartige sekundäre Nutzungsmöglichkeiten des drahtlosen Kanals, welche durch induktiv gekoppelter Relays ermöglicht werden. Hierzu zeigen wir dass Mikrosensornetzwerke mithilfe von Relays verteilte Berechnungen durchführen können, indem wir ein Verfahren zur Implementierung drahtloser künstlicher neuronaler Netzwerke über Multihop-MIMO-Kanäle einführen. Weiterhin demonstrieren wir die Möglichkeit der genauen Funkortung in induktiv iii

6 Kurzfassung gekoppelten Systemen. Wir schlagen hierzu eine neuartige Methode zur Ortung eines komplett passiven Sensorknotens vor, welcher lediglich aus einer einfachen magnetischen Antenne und einem passiven Anpassnetzwerk besteht. Die unbekannte Position des Sensors wird hierbei aus Messungen der Eingangsimpedanz an mehreren Referenzknoten rekonstruiert. Durch die Verwendung von Relays kann diese Methode auch auf Netzwerke mit einer einzelnen Messeinheit erweitert werden. Die erhaltenen theoretischen und simulativen Ergebnisse für die Funkortung in induktiv gekoppelten Systemen werden anhand eines Messaufbaus validiert. In diesem Kontext werden geeignete Methoden zum Umgang mit Imperfektionen in praktischen Messungen entwickelt. iv

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