Cost-Based Design of an Electric Reserve Grid Focusing on Reliability

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Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Cost-Based Design of an Electric Reserve Grid Focusing on Reliability Author(s): La Fauci, Raffael Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010573859 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

Diss. ETH No. 23103 Cost-Based Design of an Electric Reserve Grid Focusing on Reliability A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by RAFFAEL LA FAUCI MSc ETH EEIT born on 16.01.1983 citizen of Langenbruck BL accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Göran Andersson, examiner Prof. Dr. Alberto Berizzi, co-examiner 2015

Abstract The reserve grid investigated in this thesis is an electric power supply system on the medium voltage level which increases the reliability of power supply of connected costumers. A power supply interruption of the primary grid can be compensated by switching to the reserve grid at the customer s site. The reserve grid can be used as the sole emergency power supply system or as an extension of other systems. Starting from a second primary substation, the system components of the reserve grid are installed independently from the primary grid, i.e. only the overlying 150 kv is in common. The reserve grid exceeds the power supply task of an electric utility and is hence considered as a grid service. Therefore, customers have to separately order a connection to the reserve grid and have to completely finance it themselves. The planning of the reserve grid differs from the planning of the normal electric grid. Usually, the planning of the distribution grid involves reinforcement or extension. On the medium voltage level, an N-1 secure configuration is applied. By contrast, the reserve grid is a completely new grid which is operated independently from the primary reserve grid substation. As it is an emergency power supply, the prerequisites are also different. Specific customer requirements and alternative topologies are considered. As only the locations of the customers and the supplying primary substations are known, it is a Greenfield planning problem. There are no existing power lines and the grid structure can be chosen freely. This thesis investigates how a reserve grid topology can be found which fulfills the customers requirements while having the lowest possible costs. Various optimization techniques are investigated and a new planning approach is developed. This a priori method differs from the conventional N-1 standard by considering the specific required reliability of power supply of each customer. The reliability is calculated by the xi

xii Abstract symmetrical formulation of the reliability equation which can be applied to evaluate the reliability of each customer with just one equation. Furthermore, an investigation is conducted which has the objective to further increase reliability of power supply. It reveals the potential of a self-sufficient reserve grid which can operate in island mode. An example of such a scenario is a blackout of the transmission grid. The connection to a second primary substation as designed with the normal reserve grid does not cover this scenario. A comparison of PV and storage systems with emergency diesel generators is conducted. The results show that significant cost savings are possible when the a priori method is applied instead of the N-1 standard. The resulting topologies can be used as a base for discussion with reserve grid customers. A comparison reveals the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. The investigation of the self-sufficient reserve grid shows that PV have a limited potential to supply the reserve grid with electric power and storages are required. Especially in the city center, where many buildings are under protection PV cannot be installed on a large scale. Furthermore, emergency diesel generators have the advantage to be available during the whole day. At this stage, emergency diesel generators and where suitable existing power plants are recommended for power supply. However, as the emergency diesel generators are solely used for emergency power supply, energy storages are more interesting from an economic point of view as they have also other potential applications. For the future, when a reliable operation can be guaranteed, also energy storages in combination with PV should be considered as a power source.

Kurzfassung Das in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Reservenetz ist ein elektrisches Versorgungsnetz auf der Mittelspannungsebene, welches die Sicherheit von Kunden gegenüber Stromunterbrechungen erhöht. Es kann eigenständig oder zur Ergänzung von anderen Notstromsystemen verwendet werden. Die Systemkomponenten werden ausgehend vom Umspannwerk unabhängig vom übrigen Versorgungsnetz installiert und betrieben. Da das Reservenetz Aufgaben erfüllt, welche den rechtlichen Auftrag zur Stromversorgung übersteigen, handelt es sich um eine Netzdienstleistung. Dies bedeutet, dass Kunden einen Anschluss ans Reservenetz separat bestellen und auch zu finanzieren haben. Die Planung des Reservenetzes unterscheidet sich von derjenigen des normalen Versorgungsnetzes. Üblicherweise wird das Verteilnetz verstärkt oder ausgebaut. In Zürich wird auf der Mittelspannungsebene mit einer N-1 Sicherheit geplant. Beim Reservenetz hingegen wird ein völlig neues Netz gebaut, welches ab Umspannwerk unabhängig vom übrigen Verteilnetz betrieben wird. Da es sich zudem um ein Notstromsystem handelt, sind auch die Voraussetzungen unterschiedlich: Spezifische Kundenanforderungen an die Versorgungssicherheit werden bei der Netzplanung beachtet und neue Topologien in Betracht gezogen. Da lediglich die Standorte der Kunden sowie der versorgenden Umspannwerke gegeben sind, handelt sich um ein Planungsproblem auf der grünen Wiese Es gibt keine bestehenden Verbindungen und die Netzstruktur kann frei gewählt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie eine Reservenetz-Topologie gefunden werden kann, welche die von den Kunden geforderte Zuverlässigkeit gewährleistet und dabei optimal bezüglich der Kosten ist. Dazu werden mehrere Optimierungsalgorithmen untersucht und daraus folgend eine neue Planungsmethode entwickelt. Diese a priori Methode unterscheidet sich vom üblichen N-1- Standard, indem sie die von den xiii

xiv Kurzfassung einzelnen Kunden geforderte spezifische Zuverlässigkeit beachtet. Um die für jeden einzelnen Kunden eigene Zuverlässigkeit berücksichtigen zu können, wird eine symmetrische Formulierung des Problems erstellt. Diese erlaubt, die Zuverlässigkeit für die verschiedenen Kunden effizient zu berechnen. Darüber hinaus wird eine weitere Untersuchung zur Erhöhung der Versorgungssicherheit durchgeführt, welche das Potential für ein autarkes Reservenetz in Zürich aufzeigt. Das autarke Reservenetz kann im Unterschied zum normalen Reservenetz auch als Insel betrieben werden und einen Blackout des Übertragungsnetzes kompensieren. Die Eignung von PV-Anlagen und Speichersystemen zur Netzstützung wird mit derjenigen von Notstromdieselgeneratoren verglichen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass mit der a priori Methode signifikante Kostenersparnisse gegenüber dem N-1-Standard möglich sind. Die sich aus der Optimierung ergebenden Topologien können als Grundlage für Diskussionen mit Kunden dienen. Ein Vergleich mit der konventionellen N-1 Sicherheit zeigt, welches die Vorzüge der beiden Methoden sind. Die Untersuchung zum autarken Reservenetz zeigt, dass PV-Anlagen in Zürich ein beschränktes Potential zu Netzstützung haben. Insbesondere in der Innenstadt, welche oft denkmalgeschützt ist und somit keine grossflächige Installation von PV-Anlagen zulässt. Notstromdieselgeneratoren haben zudem den Vorteil, den ganzen Tag verfügbar zu sein. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt wird daher empfohlen, ein autarkes Reservenetz mit Notstromdieselgeneratoren und wenn möglich mit vorhandener Produktion zu versorgen. Da Notstromdieselgeneratoren jedoch ausschliesslich zur Notstromversorgung dienen, sind Energiespeicher aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht interessant. Vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten können genutzt werden. In Zukunft, wenn Energiespeicher ausgereift sind und zuverlässig betrieben werden können, sollten sie in Kombination mit PV als alternative Stromquelle in Betracht gezogen werden.