The role of HVEM-LIGHT stimulatory signals in intestinal inflammation



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Transkript:

DISS.ETH.NO: 19264 The role of HVEM-LIGHT stimulatory signals in intestinal inflammation A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences Presented by CORINNE SCHÄR MSc in Biology, University of Bern Born on 16.01.1980 citizen of Gondiswil (BE) Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Manfred Kopf (examiner) Prof. Dr. Nicola L. Harris (co-examiner) Prof. Dr. Christoph Müller (co-examiner) Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Hardt (co-examiner) 2010

Summary 1 Summary The mucosal immune system is constantly challenged by the luminal contents and by potentially invasive and pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the local immune responses need to be tightly regulated. Abnormal immune responses against commensal microorganisms result in chronic inflammatory reactions and tissue destruction as observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Various cell types and signaling processes are involved in IBD and a better understanding of how these are regulated is key to the development of improved therapeutics. TNFSF members regulate important processes in cell proliferation, survival and differentiation and are therefore crucial for the balance between homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Several members of the tumor necrosis super family (TNFSF) are closely associated with IBD. Thus, they represent interesting new targets for therapeutic treatment of IBD. Stimulatory interaction between the two recently described TNFSF members LIGHT and Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) has been shown to contribute in intestinal inflammation. Additionally, LIGHT expression was directly associated with human IBD. The main focus of this thesis was to investigate the role of LIGHT or HVEM stimulatory interactions during immune homeostasis and intestinal inflammation. In the first part of this thesis, we sought to clarify the role of LIGHT and HVEM in the development, activation and differentiation of T and B cells during intestinal homeostasis. For this purpose, we made use of naïve genetically modified mice, which are either deficient for the LIGHT or the HVEM gene. We found that the absence of LIGHT or HVEM signaling does not compromise the development of T cells, B cells, NK cells or NKT cells. 6

Summary Furthermore, neither LIGHT nor HVEM deficient mice exhibited an altered antibody response in the serum. T helper cell differentiation capacities in vitro, in the presence of exogeneous cytokines, of C57BL/6, LIGHT -/- and HVEM -/- mice derived T cells were comparable. By contrast, T cells isolated from the small intestine lamina propria and PPs of LIGHT deficient mice exhibited and increased ratio of regulatory T cells (Treg) to Th17 T cells. Interestingly however, HVEM -/- mice exhibited increased Treg frequency in almost all lymphoid organs except the small intestine and did not show an altered Th17 cell population. Thus, indicating that interactions with other cognate partners likely play a role in immune cell homeostasis. We next investigated the importance of LIGHT or HVEM on intestinal inflammation using a model of T cell-dependent colitis in immunodeficient mice. The absence of LIGHT or HVEM stimulatory signals on T cells led to attenuated intestinal inflammation in this model. Disease attenuation was more pronounced in the absence of HVEM, indicating that LIGHT signalling through HVEM may only partially contribute to disease outcome. Impaired expansion and altered differentiation pattern of transferred HVEM -/- CD4 T cells was not reversed by the simultaneous co-transfer of C57BL/6 CD4 + CD45RB high T cells and was instead found to correlate with decreased responsiveness of HVEM -/- CD4 T cells to IL-6 and IL-23. HVEM stimulatory signals were thus found to be essential for the proper expansion and effector function of pathogenic CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of LIGHT or HVEM signaling on innate cells during intestinal inflammation. Therefore, we have used the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis, in which the activation of innate immune cells promotes intestinal inflammation. Upon DSS administration, HVEM -/- mice exhibited significantly reduced intestinal inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production. LIGHT -/- mice exhibited an intermediate 7

Summary phenotype as compared to C57BL/6 or HVEM -/- mice. These data show that HVEM stimulatory-interactions are also required for the full activation of innate cells and consequent intestinal inflammation, and further indicate that these are likely to be derived in part through LIGHT. Taken together, these findings emphasize an important role for HVEMmediated stimulatory signals in promoting intestinal inflammation and indicate that these may be mediated in part by LIGHT. 8

Zusammenfassung 2 Zusammenfassung Das Immunsystem der Darmschleimhäute ist einer enormen Anzahl von potenziell gefährlichen Mikroorganismen ausgesetzt, die entweder im Darm leben oder durch die Nahrung aufgenommen werden. Um eine unnötige Immunantwort gegenüber harmlosen darmansässigen Mikroorganismen zu verhindern, muss die lokale Immunabwehr fest reguliert werden. Eine krankhaft gesteigerte Immunabwehr gegen harmlose Darmmikroorganismen resultiert in chronischen Entzündungsreaktionen und damit verbundenen chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen, wie Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa. Eine Vielzahl verschiedener Zellen und Signalprozesse ist in die Entstehung dieser chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen involviert. Ein besseres Verständnis über die Regulierung der Immunabwehr im Darm würde helfen neue und verbesserte Therapien zu entwickeln. Die Mitglieder der Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor (TNF) Familie regulieren Proliferation, Überleben und Differenzierung von Immunzellen und sind folglich enorm wichtig für die Aurechterhaltung der Balance zwischen regulierten und überbordenden Immunantworten. Mehrere Mitglieder der TNF Familie sind in die Entstehung chronischer Darmerkrankungen involviert und stellen daher interessante neue Ziele für deren medikamentöse Behandlung dar. Zwei kürzlich beschriebene neue Mitglieder der TNF Familie, LIGHT und Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), tragen zu chronischen Darmentzündungen bei. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Doktorarbeit war, die Funktion der zellstimulierenden Interaktionen von LIGHT oder HVEM während Immunhomeostase und Darmentzündung zu untersuchen. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wollten wir die Funktion von LIGHT und HVEM in der Entwicklung, Aktivierung und Differenzierung von T-und B-Zellen während der 9

Zusammenfassung intestinalen Homeostase klären. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir naïve genetisch veränderte Mäuse verwendet, die eine Mutation im LIGHT- oder HVEM-Gen tragen. Wir konnten zeigen dass die Abwesenheit von LIGHT oder HVEM in naïven Mäusen die Entwicklung von T-Zellen, B-Zellen, NK-Zellen oder NKT- Zellen kaum beeinträchtigt. Darüber hinaus stellten wir fest dass weder LIGHT noch HVEM defiziente Mäuse veränderte Antikörpertiter im Serum aufweisen. Auch die T-Helfer-Zell-Differenzierung in vitro, in Gegenwart von exogenen Zytokinen, war vergleichbar zwischen C57BL/6, LIGHT -/- und HVEM -/- Mäusen. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten LIGHT -/- T Zellen die aus der Lamina Proria des Dünndarms und der Peyer-Plaques isoliert wurden ein erhöhte Anzahl von regulatorischen T-Zellen (Treg) gegenüber Th17 Zellen. Interessanterweise fanden wir in HVEM -/- Mäusen eine erhöhte Anzahl von Treg Zellen in praktisch allen lymphatischen Organen mit Ausnahme des Dünndarms, und eine unveränderte Th17 Zellpopulation. Dieser Unterschied zwischen LIGHT -/- und HVEM -/- Mäusen deutet darauf hin, dass mögliche Interaktionen von LIGHT und HVEM mit anderen TNF Familenmitgliedern zur Regulierung der intestinalen Homeostase beitragen. Als nächstes untersuchten wir die Bedeutung und Funktion von LIGHT oder HVEM während einer chronischen Darmentzündung. Dazu verwendeten wir ein T-Zell-abhängigen Mausmodell in immundefizienten Mäusen. Die Abwesenheit von LIGHT oder HVEM auf den T-Zellen führte zu einer abgeschwächten Darmentzündung in diesem Modell. Die Abschwächung der Darmentzündung war stärker in Abwesenheit von HVEM als in Abwesenheit von LIGHT, was darauf hinweist, dass LIGHT vermittelte Signalprozesse durch HVEM nur teilweise zum Krankheitsverlauf beitragen. Die beeinträchtigte Expansion und Differenzierung von HVEM -/- CD4 T-Zellen konnte nicht durch den gleichzeitigen Co-Transfer mit C57BL/6 CD4 T-Zellen rückgängig gemacht werden. Die verminderte Fähigkeit von HVEM -/- CD4 T- Zellen zu expandieren und differenzieren korrelierte stattdessen mit einer 10

Zusammenfassung reduzierten Empfindlichkeit gegenüber IL-6 und IL-23 vermittelten Signalen. HVEM ist deshalb unerlässlich für eine ordnungsgemäße Expansion und Effektorfunktion von pathogenen CD4 T-Zellen. Ferner beurteilten wir die Auswirkungen von LIGHT oder HVEM auf natürliche, unspezifische Immunzellen während einer Darmentzündung. Dafür haben wir das Dextran Natriumsulfat (DSS) Modell eingesetzt, in dem die Aktivierung der natürlichen, unspezifischen Immunzellen zur Darmentzündung führt. Nach der Verabreichung von DSS, zeigten die HVEM -/- Mäuse eine deutlich reduzierte Entzündung des Darms sowie eine stark reduzierte Produktion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen. In LIGHT -/- Mäusen war die Darmentzündung weniger abgeschwächt als in den HVEM -/- Mäusen. Diese Daten zeigen, dass stimulierende HVEM Signale für die volle Aktivierung der natürlichen, unspezifischen Immunzellen und damit für die DSS induzierte Darmentzündung erforderlich sind. Zusammengefasst unterstreichen diese Ergebnisse eine wichtige Rolle für HVEM vermittelte Signalprozesse in der Förderung von Darmentzündungen, welche zum Teil durch LIGHT vermittelt werden. 11