Final Exam Grammar Review 2012 Deutsch II Pronomen English has only 7 subject pronouns, whereas German has 9. Why is that? Here are the English subject pronouns: I you he she it (y all) we they you (formal) What are their German equivalents? Just as in English these pronouns are used to take the place of a noun. Nomen We have learned that, unlike English, all nouns in German are and preceded by an article. There are three different articles, all of which mean. They are, which is called masculine,, which is feminine, and, which is neuter. Whenever you learn a new noun, you must also memorize its article, since there is no definite rule about which article goes with which word. There is, however, a saying that helps you figure out the gender of some nouns. How does it go? Ends in, gender. Ends in, gender. and are. (All plural nouns are!) Can you guess the genders of the following words? Zunge Notizbuch Professor Nachbarland Haar Schreiber Krankenschwester Handtasche Opas Kassette Kind Mutter In order to avoid being redundant, you will sometimes need to replace a noun with a pronoun. For each of the following sentences, how would substitute a pronoun to express, It is black. Der Kuli ist schwarz. Die Katze ist schwarz. Das Buch ist schwarz. ist schwarz. ist schwarz ist schwarz How would you also say, They are black. Die Kulis sind schwarz. sind schwarz. Artikel One of the most difficult concepts, which we mastered, was that one of the articles has to be changed if its noun is a direct object. That article is which changes to. Can you fill in the correct articles for the following nouns? 1. Lehrer korregiert Hausaufgaben. 2. Junge und Madchen gehen in Schule. 3. Eltern spielen Horn. 4. Frau schenkt Mann Hund. 5. Kennt Lehrerin Taxifahrer? 6. *Ich kaufe Freund Bleistift, Papier, Kuli und Buch. Ein/Kein/Mein/Dein We learned that there are several words for the and that each noun is assigned a specific one. There are also various forms for a or an. These are determined by the gender of the noun. Der Tisch ist groß. Ein Tisch ist groß. Die Fahne ist rot und weiß. Eine Fahne ist rot und weiß. Das Auto ist blau. Ein Auto ist blau. Ich bringe den Tisch. Ich bringe einen Tisch. You can not use ein with plural nouns. You can, however, use keine, meine or deine. Die Klassen sind interessant. Meine Klassen sind interessant. Can you fill in the correct ein forms for the following nouns? 1. Lehrer korregiert Hausaufgaben. 2. Junge und Madchen gehen in Schule. 3. Eltern spielen Horn. 4. Frau schenkt Mann Hund. 5. Kennt Lehrerin Taxifahrer? 6. *Ich kaufe Freund Bleistift, Papier, Kuli und Buch.
Reflexive Verben We have already learned that, just as articles may change when a noun functions as a direct or indirect object, pronouns change too. Now also learned that some verbs require the use of a special pronoun, a reflexive pronoun. Please complete the following charts with the correct forms of the pronouns given. Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ ich ihr du er wir sie sie es Sie Supply the correct reflexive form to complete each sentence. Pay attention to whether or not the sentence has a direct object. 1. Ich habe erkältet. 2. Ich putze die Zähne. 3. Hast du mit dem Messer geschnitten? 4. Hast du die Haare geschnitten? 5. Er hat schon gewaschen. 6. Das Kind wäscht die Hände. 7. Die Frau schminkt vor dem Spiegel. 8. Warum sollen wir beeilen? 9. Habt ihr gut amüsiert? 10. Die besten Schüler interessieren für Briefmarken. Nominativ, Akkusativ und Dativ: Since the verb is the only word in a sentence that has a set position, the articles play an important role. We learned that, in order to clarify the difference between subjects and objects in a sentence, articles are sometimes changed from their dictionary forms. Fortunately, the direct and indirect objects are in the same order in German sentences as in English. Using the following elements, please write correct sentences. Don t forget to conjugate, capitalize and change the articles where appropriate. Then, rewrite the sentences using pronouns for all of the nouns. 1. wir / geben / die Frau / das Buch /. / 2. meine Mutter / kaufen / die Kinder / eine Torte /. / 3. ich / zeigen / mein Freund / der Dom /. / 4. Klaus / geben / die Eltern / der Tisch /. / 5. Axel und Manfred / kaufen / ein Kind / die Bonbons /. / **Genetiv Adjektiven und Adverbien We learned that, unlike in English, to compare the nature of two things you add an - to the adjective or adverb. If the adjective or adverb is monosyllabic you also add an - if possible. For superlative, to say that something is the best of all of the things being compared, you put before the adjective and add - to the end, adding an - if monosyllabic as well. Dein Auto ist schnell. Peters Auto ist schnell. Mein Auto ist schnell. Dein Haar ist lang. Peters Haar ist lang. Mein Haar ist lang. Dein Film ist wunderbar. Peters Film ist wunderbar. Mein Film ist wunderbar. There are some exceptions to these rules. Those simply had to be memorized. Here are a few: gut gern viel
Adjektivendungen Since articles and, therefore, gender is rather important in German grammar, several elements work together to be sure that the gender of a noun is clear. This semester we have worked extensively with adjectives. We learned some easy rules for determining what to put on adjectives when they come in front of nouns. Those rules were: When an adjective comes before a noun, it must have an ending. Beispiele: Das ist das rote Auto. Das Auto ist rot--. If an article does not show the gender of the noun, the adjective must tell the gender of the noun. When the article is present and does tell the gender, an e is placed on the end of the adjective. Beispiele: Das ist das rote Auto. Ein rotes Auto steht da. If the article changes from it original dictionary form, an en is placed on the end of the adjective. Beispiele: Ich kenne den netten Mann Er kommt mit dem roten Auto. Apply those rules in order to provide the correct ending for each adjective. Your choices are e, -en, -er, -es, and --. 1. Wo ist der letzt Brief von Hans? 10. Es steht auf der nächst Seite. 2. Ich kaufe den klein Tisch. 11. München ist eine schön Stadt. 3. Er kommt mit dem nächst Bus. 12. Der Brief ist von meiner nett Oma. 4. Das ist ein klein Tisch. 13. Arm Frau Braun! 5. Der klein Tisch ist hübsch. 14. Ich habe das neu Lied gelernt. 6. Sein jünger Bruder heißt Willi. 15. Du schläfst in dem klein Zimmer. 7. Hans schreibt einen lang Brief. 16. Ich kenne ein ander Mädchen. 8. Er geht zu einem gut Zahnarzt. 17. Er ist in einem groß Zimmer. 9. Wir kaufen diese braun Jacke. 18. Das Buch ist sehr interessant. Regulare Verben im Präsens Verbs are words which show action in a sentence. In German all verbs end in either or. Before you can use them in a sentence, you must conjugate them. That means that you change them so that they match the subject. This simple three-step process consists of: 1. Taking off the. 2. Writing down the after each subject pronoun. 3. Adding the. Let s see if you can apply the rules to the following verbs. machen tun -ich -du -er,sie,es -ihr -wir,sie,sie Some verbs, however, need special attention. They need to add or delete a letter in order to make pronunciation easier. Can you conjugate these verbs? wandern arbeiten finden heissen tanzen -ich -du -er,sie,es -ihr -wir,sie,sie Which form did you have to change for wandern? What did you have to add to arbeiten and finden? What did you leave off of heissen and tanzen?
Irregulare Verben Though most verbs are regular, there are some verbs which have to be memorize. Fortunately there are very few of these. Two, however, are: sein- haben werden which means which means which means -ich -du -er,sie,es -ihr -wir,sie,sie The rest of the irregular verbs have an easy pattern for conjugation. Do you know how to conjugate the following irregular verbs? fahren laufen sprechen essen sehen lesen -ich *du *er,sie,es -ihr -wir,sie,sie What are the only two conjugations that differ from the way you do a regular verb? and What did you change about these forms for fahren and laufen? The changed to an. for sprechen and essen? The changed to an. for sehen and lesen? The changed to an. Modal Verben Modal verbs express how one about an action. They do not express the action itself; therefore, they must accompany an action verb. These verbs have a different way of conjugating. können müssen sollen dürfen -ich -du -er,sie,es -ihr -wir,sie,sie Wollen and mögen also modal verbs. (Möchten acts like a modal verb as well.) When there is more than one verb in a sentence, they cannot both be in the coveted second position. One must go to the end of the sentence, my friend. Can you rewrite these sentences to include the modal verbs? Remember the C-clamp! Ich spiele Tennis. (mögen) Gehst du ins Kino? (wollen) Trennbare Verben There are some verbs that are made up of two parts, a prefix and the verb itself. In English the equivalents of these verbs tend to have prepositions. When we conjugate these, they split in half and the prefix goes on the end of the sentence. (einkaufen) Ich bei Kroger s. (mitkommen) du morgen? (aufräumen) Wir das Zimmer. (aufmachen) Ihr sollt das Paket. Wortstellung In addition to learning lots of vocabulary and memorizing the articles, we also learned how to put the vocabulary into sentences. When we do that, what is the normal order
for a statement? then for a question? then Underline the verbs in the following exercise, then make sentences or questions with the elements? 1. besuchen / ich / meine Oma /. / 2. Hausaufgaben / machen / wir /. / 3. du / bringen / die Musik /? / 4. arbeiten / am Wochenende / er /? / When we have verbs with separable prefixes, we remove the prefix and place it at the end of the sentence before conjugating the verb. 5. wir / einkaufen / morgen /. / 6. mitkommen / heute / du /? / Perfekt Once we mastered all of those basic concepts, we learned how to communicate in the conversational past tense. This form requires a helping verb and a past participle. The formula for making this tense with weak verbs is: + + + _ This formula is slightly altered if the verb has an inseparable prefix, a separable prefix or if it is French! Can you write the following sentences in the past tense? 1. Ich spiele Tennis Ich Tennis. 2. Wir tanzen nicht gern. 3. Kaufst du ein? 4. Ihr besucht die Oma. 5. Vati repariert mein Fahrrad. For strong verbs, you had to determine which helping verb to use and had to memorize the past participle. 1. Die Kinder essen kein Gemüse. 2. Trinkst du Milch? 3. Fritz und ich schlafen im Park. 4. Ingo geht nach Hause. 5. Ich bin 14 Jahre alt. When would you use sein as the helping verb? Präteritum As with English, there are different ways to make past tense. The Imperfect (Präteritum) is the one word form of the past tense. It is used for about past events, except when writing personal letters. All of these are conjugated like modal verbs; however, there is only a formula for the weak verbs: + + modal conjugation Can you write the following sentences in the imperfect tense? 1. Ich spiele Tennis Ich Tennis. 2. Kaufst du ein? 3. Vati repariert mein Fahrrad. 4. Ihr besucht die Oma. 5. Wir tanzen nicht gern. For strong verbs, you had to memorize the imperfect form and conjugated it like a modal verb. 1. Ich bin 14 Jahre alt. 2. Trinkst du Milch?
3. Ingo geht nach Hause. 4. Fritz und du schlaft im Park. 5. Die Kinder essen kein Gemüse. Plusquamperfekt This is our third form of past tense, the past perfect tense. It is made up of elements of both of the previous forms. The basic formula for weak verbs is: or (conjugated like a modal verb)... + + Can you write the following sentence in the past perfect? 1. Wir spielen Tennis. Wir Tennis. 2. Goethe ist 15 Jahre alt. 3. Ich habe Kopfschmerzen. Futurum The future tense in German is taken care of by simply using the verb werden (to be going to or to become). As with the modal verbs, this verb simply expresses the subject s intentions towards the action verb. Since this means that there will be two verbs needed to complete the idea, the C-clamp structure will be used. The conjugations of werden were covered previously. 1. Ich reise nach Berlin. 2. Wir sehen fern. In addition to these topics, we also covered object pronouns, accusative, dative and two-way prepositions and verbs with prepositions. These are covered on the practice test and will be on the final exam. We have also covered several different vocabulary topics. Be sure to review that vocabulary, as it will play a role. Know the nouns and their articles! Präpositionen We learned that there are prepositions that must always be followed by the accusative case. Some must always be followed by the dative case and yet others could be either, depending upon whether they are showing or. 1. Wir gehen zu Party (f). 2. Der Ball fliegt durch Fenster (n). 3. Der Mann kommt aus Haus (n). 4. Ich wohne bei Oma (f). 5. Er wirft den Ball gegen Wand (f). Questions for Frau Dieckman????? Email sdieckman@dentonisd.org
Ich lebe für Grammatik-- the Sequel Coming soon! Starring: Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ und Genetiv Pronomen im Nominativ, Akkusativ und Dativ Befehlsform When giving commands in English, the subject is always an understood. This presents a small problem in German because there are words for you. They are, and. Each form of you has a different command form. How would you tell the following people to do the things listed? Peter, Hans und Franz, Frau Farbisene, Klasse, schreiben zuhören *sprechen *fahren *lesen