Structural studies on the Radial Spoke proteins complex in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

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Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Structural studies on the Radial Spoke proteins complex in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Author(s): Poghosyan, Emiliya Publication Date: 2017 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010884161 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

DISS. ETH NO. 24122 Structural studies on the Radial Spoke proteins complex in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by EMILIYA POGHOSYAN Master of Science, Dresden University of Technology born on 09.11.1989 citizen of ARMENIA accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Gebhard F. X. Schertler Prof. Takashi Ishikawa Prof. Ritsu Kamiya Prof. Rudolf Glockshuber 2017

Summary The radial spokes (RS) are multi-protein complexes composed of at least 23 radial spoke proteins (RSP), decorating the microtubule doublets (MTD) of motile cilia and flagella 9 doublets + 2 singlets with 96nm periodic unit. The proximal stalk region of the complex is linked to the A-tubule of MTDs, inner arm dyneins and the dynein regulatory complex, while the distal head region of spokes is facing to central pair microtubules (CP). At least 12 RSPs have homologues in humans and among those, genes, encoding RSPH1, RSPH4a, RSPH3, RSPH9 and HSP40 (an RSP16 co-chaperone), carry primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) causing mutations. In Chlamydomonas, mutants with deficiencies in radial spoke proteins have disturbed motility or possess paralyzed phenotype. A functional role of the radial spokes is expected to be in mechano-chemical regulation of flagellar waveform by signal transduction between CP and inner dynein arms. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the mechano-chemical signal transduction between RS/CP and dyneins is not well understood and this is partially due to the missing information on the structural arrangement of RSPs. In this work, I have combined three different approaches to investigate the 3D molecular arrangement of individual radial spoke proteins within the complex. I examined the oligomerization states and interactions between spoke head and neck proteins in vitro. Through optimization of RS isolation and by applying single particle cryo-electron microscopy, I was able to obtain the 3D structure of the RS complex with the unprecedented resolution of 17 Å, which allowed me to conclude about symmetric positioning of the head sub-unit in the complex and which can serve as a template for future model building. With the help of cryo-electron tomography I was able to characterize three different RS mutants, 1-178 Δ1, NDK5 and pf33, with absence or truncations of RSP3, RSP23 and RSP16, respectively. A comparative analysis with the wild type structure allowed deducing the role of those missing proteins in the structural integrity of the complex. i

Zusammenfassung Die radialen Speichen (RS) sind Multiproteinkomplexe, die aus mindestens 23 radialen Speichenproteinen (RSPs) bestehen, welche die Mikrotubuli- Dubletten (MTD) von beweglichen Zilien und Flagellen "9 Dubletten + 2 Einzeltubuli" mit 96nm Periodeneinheit dekorieren. Der proximale Stachelbereich des Komplexes ist mit dem A-Tubulus von MTDs, den inneren Dyneinarmen und dem Dynein-regulatorischen Komplex verbunden, während der distale Kopfbereich der Speichen dem zentralen Mikrotubuli-Paar (CP) gegenüberliegt. Mindestens 12 RSPs haben Homologe beim Menschen und unter diesen bewirken RSPH1-, RSPH4a-, RSPH3-, RSPH9- und HSP40-Co- Chaperon-Gene mutationsbedingte primäre ciliäre Dyskinesie (PCD). In Chlamydomonas haben Mutanten mit Defekten in radialen Speichenproteinen eine gestörte Motilität oder besitzen einen paralysierten Phänotyp. Wir gehen davon aus, dass die funktionelle Rolle der radialen Speichen in der Signaltransduktion zwischen CP und inneren Dyneinarmen liegt, welche die mechanisch-chemische Regulation der Wellenform der Flagellen steuert. Allerdings ist der genaue molekulare Mechanismus, welcher der mechanischchemischen Signaltransduktion zwischen RS/CP und Dyneinen zugrunde liegt, nicht gut verstanden, was teilweise auf das fehlende Wissen über die strukturelle Anordnung der RSPs zurückzuführen ist. In dieser Arbeit habe ich drei verschiedene Ansätze kombiniert, um die 3D- Molekülanordnung einzelner radialer Speichenproteine innerhalb des Komplexes zu charakterisieren. Ich untersuchte die Oligomerisierungszustände und Wechselwirkungen zwischen Speichenkopf und Halsproteinen in vitro. Aufgrund der erfolgreichen Optimierung der RS- Isolation und dank der Anwendung der Single-Particle-Kryo-Elektronen- Mikroskopie konnte ich die 3D-Struktur des RS-Komplexes mit einer noch nie da gewesenen Auflösung von 17 Å identifizieren. Dies erlaubte es mir, offene Fragen in Bezug auf die symmetrische Positionierung der Kopf-Untereinheit dieses Komplexes abschliessend zu beantworten. Die Ergebnisse können auch als Vorlage für zukünftige Modellierungen dienen. ii

Mit Hilfe der Kryo-Elektronen-Tomographie konnte ich drei verschiedene RS- Mutanten, 1-178 Δ1, NDK5 und pf33, mit fehlenden oder trunkierten/verkürzten RSP3, RSP23 bzw. RSP16 Proteinen charakterisieren. Eine vergleichende Analyse mit der Wildtypstruktur erlaubte, es, Schlüsse zu ziehen über die Rolle jener fehlenden Proteine für die strukturelle Integrität des Komplexes. iii