Übungen im Transnationalen Recht Völkerrecht Übung IV: Interventions- und Gewaltsverbot Dr. Lorenz Langer 14. / 15. März 2018 Gruppen 5 (Q-T) & 6 (U-Z) Folie 2 1
Folie 3 Folie 4 2
Sachverhalt I Beteiligte Akteure - Staat Lorem (neues) Staatsoberhaupt - Staat Ipsum Regierungschef Streitkräfte - Staat Sit - Staat Amet - Staat Dolor Übung 3 Seite 5 Frage 1: Nehmen Sie an, der Regierungschef von Ipsum würde den Befehl zum Militärschlag gegen Lorem erteilen; ist das geplante militärische Vorgehen durch Ipsum zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt völkerrechtlich zulässig? Übung 1 Folie 6 3
Gewaltverbot Umfasst: Art. 2(4) UNC - Threat of Use of Force - Use of Force Art. 39 UNC - Breach of the Peace - Act of Aggression Art. 51 UNC - Armed Attack Übung 1 Folie 7 Definition of Aggression, G.A. Res. 3314 (XXIX) (1974) Article 3 Any of the following acts, regardless of a declaration of war, shall, subject to and in accordance with the provisions of article 2, qualify as an act of aggression: a) The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation. however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack. or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof; b) Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State; Übung 1 Folie 8 4
Art. 51 UNC «Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.» Voraussetzungen für Selbstverteidigung (Art. 51 UNC) «armed attack» - Angreifer? - Intensität? - (Beweislast?) «occurs» - gegenwärtig - oder «imminent» Folie 10 5
Tom Ruys, Armed Attack and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice, CUP 2010, S. 254 Caroline Test: [The] necessity of self defense was instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment of deliberation..., and that the British force, even supposing the necessity of the moment authorized them to enter the territories of the United States at all, did nothing unreasonable or excessive; since the act, justified by the necessity of self defense, must be limited by that necessity, and kept clearly within it Daniel Webster, Letter to Henry Stephen Fox, 24 April 1841 6
Voraussetzungen für Selbstverteidigung (Art. 51 UNC) «armed attack» - Angreifer? - Intensität? - (Ziel?) - (Beweislast?) «occurs» - gegenwärtig - oder «imminent» «reported to the Scurity Council» Folie 13 Art. 51 UNC «Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.» 7
Frage 2: Wie beurteilen Sie den Lösungsvorschlag der Staaten Sit und Amet? Ist das von ihnen geplante Vorgehen aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht problematisch? Folie 15 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) (Merits) I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 108: «205. the principle [of non-intervention] forbids all States or groups of States to intervene directly or indirectly in internal or external affairs of other States. A prohibited intervention must accordingly be one bearing on matters in which each State is permitted, by the principle of State sovereignty, to decide freely. One of these is the choice of a political, economic, social and cultural system, and the formulation of foreign policy. Intervention is wrongful when it uses methods of coercion in regard to such choices, which must remain free ones.» Folie 16 8
Besten Dank und viel Glück bei den Prüfungen! 9