Mountainbiking and wildlife disturbance experiments with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Switzerland

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Mountainbiking and wildlife disturbance experiments with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Switzerland Wyttenbach M 1, Signer C 1, Sigrist B 1, Graf R

1 Mountainbiking and wildlife disturbance experiments with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Switzerland Wyttenbach M 1, Signer C 1, Sigrist B 1, Graf R F 1 and Rupf R 1 1 Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, ZHAW IMBA summit Agueda PT Martin Wyttenbach

2 Roadmap 1. Introduction 5` Recreational activities Interactions with wildlife (selected studies) 2. Experiment aim and set-up 10` Wildlife project Research questions 3. Results and discussion 10` Biology and spatial behaviour of roe deer Interaction results Management implications

Sports in Switzerland, 2014 Rank Sport Outdoor / Indoor Percentage [%, 15-74y] Number of ppl in CH Change [%, 2008-2014] 1 Hiking, mountain hiking Outdoor 44.3 3579883 +6.

3 Sports in Switzerland, 2014 Rank Sport Outdoor / Indoor Percentage [%, 15-74y] Number of ppl in CH Change [%, ] 1 Hiking, mountain hiking Outdoor Cycling (without MTB) Outdoor Skiing (without ski touring) Outdoor Nordic walking Outdoor Mountain biking Outdoor Gym Indoor Tennis O/I Climbing I/O athletics Indoor Handball Indoor Quelle: LAMPRECHT, M.; FISCHER, A.; STAMM, H. (2014): Sport Schweiz 2014: Das Sportverhalten der Schweizer Bevölkerung. Magglingen, Bundesamt für Sport BASPO. n=10 652

4 Recreational activities & wildlife?

5 Recreational activities & wildlife: Existing research

6 Reactions of wildlife to disturbance Reaction distance Flight distance Flight distance covered (Ingold 2005)

7 Marmot (marmota marmota): Impact of hikers on the reaction- and flight distance Distance (m) Reaction distance Flight distance Hikers on trail Hikers off trail Hikers on trail with dog (Ingold 2005)

8 Red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Scottland: visitor frequencies & trails distance of red deer Sonntags Mittwochs Sonntags Mittwochs (Sibbald et al. 2011)

9 Distraction biology: Current state and lack of knowledge Studys: outside of Europe reactions of local wildlife? of caged animals wildlife in wilderness areas? in protected areas reactions in «unprotected» areas? in remote habitats densely populated areas? Lack of knowledge regarding indigenous species in highly frequented areas of Switzerland

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Research site Habitat Wildlife

valleys to tree line Rather https://www.zhaw.

10 Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Research site Habitat Wildlife characteristics: and human activities in recreational areas From valleys to tree line Rather habitats, edges residential: year-round dependent on good food sources and cover Structure-rich field-forest

11 Trap

12 15 roe deer with GPS collars

13 roe deer usualy stay within their homerange unless disturbed (Stäubli 2015) Undisturbed habitat Disturbed habitat

15 roe deer avoid forest roads day and night (Stäubli 2015) day night Ivlev-index Ivlev-index >75 Distance to forest trail [m] >75 Distance to forest trail [m]

16 Night - mountainbiking

17 Research question How do disturbance events impact the behaviour of roe deer

18 Activity pattern of roe deers Activity mode date time

21 Roland Graf Foto: Roland Graf

22 Experiment set up 15 roe deer with GPS collars two groups of with GPS loggers 51 disturbance events at dawn and night Addidional GPS data

23 Spatial reaction of roe deer due to disturbance distraction Distance flight reaction disturbance roe deer Local hiding reaction disturbance roe deer refuge refuge (Sigrist 2015)

2015) 60 Time period Distance [m] 50 40 30 20 Dawn Night 10 0

25 Mountainbiking causes short term change in the spatialtemporal behaviour of roe deer, especially at night (Gerber & Keller 2015) 60 Time period Distance [m] Dawn Night Interval [min]

26 Flight distance

27 Flight distances are generally longer with offtrail activities (Sigrist 2015) Fllight distance [m] offtrail ontrail Place of activity *p=0.0041, ontrail n=22, offtrail n=16

28 Summary Visitor use does affect behavior of roe deer Forest trails are clearly avoided day and night After a disturbance event, roe deer return to regular behavior Mountain biking on trails causes the shortest flight distances among the investigated disturbance types Experiment results are statistically not representative. They give an insight in a new field of research.

29 And now? How many trails do we need? Density of trail network State, use purpose and maintenance cost Priority of wildlife in urban forests? Protected areas, visitor management, reduced exploration and habitat enhancement bring wildlife clear advantages! Further research? Poor knowledge of the effects of new recreational activities such as mountainbiking at night

30 Publications Gehrig J. & Laas I. (2014) Raumnutzung des Rehs (Capreolus capreolus) in der Region Wildnispark Zürich und Umgebung. Semesterarbeit 1, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Gerber R. & Keller P. (2015) Einfluss von anthropogenen Störreizen auf das Reh (Capreolus capreolus). Semesterarbeit 2, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Frei R. (2014) Ein Jahr systematisches Fotofallenmonitoring im Wildnispark Zürich: Was lernen wir daraus über die Ökologie des Rehs? Bachelorarbeit, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Fraefel, S. (2015) Die Ökomorphologie des Wegnetzes als Einflussgrösse auf Wildtiere und deren Lebensräume. Bachelorarbeit, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Herten, M. (2015) Impacts of informal trails in forested areas close to Zurich - with special regards to mountain biking. Masterthesis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i.b. und Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Ineichen P. (2015) Habitat selection of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a landscape of fear shaped by human recreation. Masterarbeit, ETH Zürich. Schneeberger, D. (2016) Aktivitätsmuster von besenderten Rehen (Capreolus capreolus) im Sihlwald und dessen Umgebung. Semesterarbeit 2, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Schuppli Ph. (2014) Habitatanalysen für das Reh mittels LiDAR-Daten und GIS. Semesterarbeit 2, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Scherl D. (2015) Effekt von Erholungs- und Freizeitaktivitäten auf die Bestände von Waldvögeln. Bachelorarbeit, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil und Schweizerische Vogelwarte Sempach. Sigrist B. (2015) Explorative Analyse von Reh-Trajektorien im Rahmen des Projekts Wildtier und Mensch im Naherholungsraum. Semesterarbeit 2, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Sigrist B. (2015). Eigenschaften von Deckungsräumen des Rehs (Capreolus capreolus) in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Störungsereignisse. Bachelorarbeit, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Sigrist B., Laube P. Signer C., Graf R.F Close Encounters Analyzing Disturbance Events between Deer and Visitors in a Recreational Forest. Extended Abstract, GISRUK-Conference, Greenwich, March Staeubli, A. (2016) Raumverhalten des Rehs in Abhängigkeit von Strassen und Wegen. Semesterarbeit 1, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil. Wiederkehr, J. (2016) Habitatpräferenzen von Rehen im Naherholungsraum. Bachelorarbeit, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Wädenswil.

31 thank you

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