Photondiagnostics for X-ray FEL s
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1 Photondiagnostics for X-ray FEL s M. Gensch AG Coherent THz Radiation Institute for Radiationphysics / Institute for Ion-Beam Physics and Materials Research Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
2 Routine diagnostic Diagnostic challenges Michael Gensch HZDR
3 FLASH prototype X-ray FEL user fac. (since 2005) FLASH Seite 3
4 Pulse FLASH 100 ms 100 ms 99.2 ms fs Tiedtke, K. et al.. New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) Seite 4
5 Wavelength range (fundamental): nm FEL harmonics nm): 3 rd : 1.4 nm 5 rd : 0.86 nm Spectral width (FWHM): % Pulse energy: up to 100 µj (average), 200 µj (peak) Pulse duration (FWHM): 5? fs Peak power (fundamental): few GW Parameters of FLASH Average power (fundamental): up to 0.1 W (up to 3000 pulses / sec) absorption edges of some transition metals Peak brilliance: up to 5x10 29 peak brilliance Seite 5
6 Layout of X-ray beam FLASH Tiedtke, K. et al.. New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) Seite 6
7 User requirements -> ONLINE monitoring Single shot spectra Mitzner, R et al.. Optics Express, 16 (2008) > properties vary from pulse to pulse! Seite 7
8 User requirements -> ONLINE monitoring spectra Arrival time Mitzner, R et al.. Optics Express, 16 (2008) pulse energy Tavella, F; Stojanovic, N.; Geloni, G; Gensch, M.; Nature Photon., 5 (2011), 162. temporal structure / pulse duration) Fruehling, U; Wieland, M.; Gensch M. et. al., Nature Photon., 3 (2009), 529. Seite 8 Tiedtke, K. et al.. New Journal of Physics 11 (2009)
9 Routine diagnostic Diagnostic challenges Seite 9
10 Monitoring intensity and beam position Tiedtke, K. et al.. New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) Seite 10
11 Monitoring intensity and beam position Results: Tiedtke, K. et al.. Journal of Applied Physics, 103 (2008) Tiedtke, K. et al.. New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) Seite 11
12 Monitoring intensity and beam position Results: Merits: can operate ONLINE calibrated rep. rate commensurate with FEL Drawbacks: - Tiedtke, K. et al.. Journal of Applied Physics, 103 (2008) Tiedtke, K. et al.. New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) Seite 12
13 Monitoring of Wavelength Brenner, C. et al.. NIM A, 635 (2011) S99-S103 Seite 13
14 Monitoring of Wavelength Results: Brenner, C. et al.. NIM A, 635 (2011) S99-S103 Seite 14
15 Monitoring of Wavelength Results: Merits: can operate ONLINE Drawbacks: rep. rate limited by CCD: 10 Hz difficult calibration Brenner, C. et al.. NIM A, 635 (2011) S99-S103 Seite 15
16 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 1. Streak camera e.g. Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) Synch. rad. Laser e.g. Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) Seite 16
17 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 1. Streak camera Results: e.g. Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) jitter Synch. rad. Laser e.g. Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) Radcliffe, P. et al.. NIM A, 583 (2007) Seite 17
18 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 1. Streak camera Results: e.g. Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) Merits: can operate ONLINE Robust Single shot rep. rate commensurate with FEL jitter Drawbacks: only sub ps resolution Synch. rad. Laser e.g. Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) Radcliffe, P. et al.. NIM A, 583 (2007) Seite 18
19 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 2. Electro-optic arrival time derived from electron bunch arrival time Redlin, H. et al.. NIM A, 635 (2011) S88-S93 Azima, A et al.. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2009) Seite 19
20 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 2. Electro-optic arrival time derived from electron bunch arrival time Results: Redlin, H. et al.. NIM A, 635 (2011) S88-S93 Cavalieri, AL. et al.. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005) Azima, A et al.. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2009) Seite 20
21 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 2. Electro-optic arrival time derived from electron bunch arrival time Redlin, H. et al.. NIM A, 635 (2011) S88-S93 Results: Merits: can operate ONLINE Single shot improved resolution:120 fs (FWHM) Drawbacks: indirect measurement resolution not commensurate with X-ray pulse duration rep. rate limited by laser Cavalieri, AL. et al.. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005) Azima, A et al.. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2009) Seite 21
22 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 3. X-ray/NIR cross correlator above-band gap Excitation pulse below band gap Probe pulse Material with band gap e.g. Doty, MF et al.. Rev. Sci. Instr., 75 (2004) 2921 Maltezopoulus, T et al.. New Journal of Physics. (2008) Seite 22
23 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 3. X-ray/NIR cross correlator above-band gap Excitation pulse below band gap Probe pulse e.g. Doty, MF et al.. Rev. Sci. Instr., 75 (2004) 2921 Material with band gap Results: Maltezopoulus, T et al.. New Journal of Physics. (2008) Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) Seite 23
24 Routine Monitoring of Arrival time 3. X-ray/NIR cross correlator above-band gap Excitation pulse below band gap Probe pulse e.g. Doty, MF et al.. Rev. Sci. Instr., 75 (2004) 2921 Results: Merits: can Material operate with ONLINE band gap Single shot improved resolution: sub 100 fs (FWHM) direct measurement Drawbacks: repetition rate limited by CCD: 10Hz resolution not commensurate with X-ray pulse duration Maltezopoulus, T et al.. New Journal of Physics. (2008) Drescher, M et al.. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 43 (2010) Seite 24
25 Routine Monitoring of Pulse duration?? Autocorrelation e.g. Nabekawa, Y et al.. ADVANCES IN MULTI-PHOTON PROCESSES AD SPECTROSCOPY, Vol 18., cop. Worldscientific Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd. Mitzner, R et al.. Optics Express, 16 (2008) Seite 25
26 Routine Monitoring of Pulse duration?? Autocorrelation Results: two photon ionization of 23.9 nm: e.g. Nabekawa, Y et al.. ADVANCES IN MULTI-PHOTON PROCESSES AD SPECTROSCOPY, Vol 18., cop. Worldscientific Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd. e.g. Nabekawa, Y et al.. ADVANCES IN MULTI-PHOTON PROCESSES AD SPECTROSCOPY, Vol 18., cop. Worldscientific Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd. Mitzner, R et al.. Optics Express, 16 (2008) Mitzner, R et al.. Phys. Rev. B 80 (2009), Seite 26
27 Routine Monitoring of Pulse duration?? Autocorrelation Results: two photon ionization of 23.9 nm: Merits: few femtosecond resolution direct measurement e.g. Nabekawa, Y et al.. ADVANCES IN MULTI-PHOTON PROCESSES AD SPECTROSCOPY, Vol 18., cop. Worldscientific Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd. Drawbacks: can not operate ONLINE complicated to handle only for selected wavelength not single shot e.g. Nabekawa, Y et al.. ADVANCES IN MULTI-PHOTON PROCESSES AD SPECTROSCOPY, Vol 18., cop. Worldscientific Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd. Mitzner, R et al.. Optics Express, 16 (2008) Mitzner, R et al.. Phys. Rev. B 80 (2009), Seite 27
28 Routine diagnostic Diagnostic challenges 1. Pulse duration 2. Arrival time Seite 28
29 Nice tool: THz undulator beamline THz properties Cascaded design: tunable, narrow bandwidth, fourierlimited pulse duration intrinsic Synchronization to X-ray pulse Parasitic operation Intensity ~ Ne 2 Coherent and CPE stable Gensch, M. et al., Infrared Phys. Technol. 51, (2008) Seite 29
30 Nice tool: THz undulator beamline synchrotron beam ( streak camera) X-ray beam THz beam M1 view up - stream in the tunnel Gensch, M. et al., Infrared Phys. Technol. 51, (2008) Seite 30
31 Nice tool: THz undulator beamline view down - stream in the experimental hall Gensch, M. et al., Infrared Phys. Technol. 51, (2008) Seite 31
32 Diagnostic challenges: Pulse duration Terahertz field-driven X-ray streakcamera THz field Goulielmakis, E et. al., Science 305 (2004) Fruehling, U; Wieland, M.; Gensch M. et. al., Nature Photon., 3 (2009), 529. Seite 32
33 Diagnostic challenges: Pulse duration Terahertz field-driven X-ray streakcamera 13.5nm: THz field distribution of pulse durations Goulielmakis, E et. al., Science 305 (2004) Single shot reconstruction of temporal structure Fruehling, U; Wieland, M.; Gensch M. et. al., Nature Photon., 3 (2009), 529. Seite 33
34 Diagnostic challenges: Pulse duration Terahertz field-driven X-ray streakcamera 13.5nm: Goulielmakis, E et. al., Science 305 (2004) THz field distribution of pulse durations Merits: Sub 10 fs resolution direct determination Single-shot robust repetition rate commensurate with FEL Drawbacks: limited to soft x-ray spectral range redirecting of X-ray beam required can not operate ONLINE Single shot reconstruction of temporal structure Fruehling, U; Wieland, M.; Gensch M. et. al., Nature Photon., 3 (2009), 529. Seite 34
35 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time THz NIR crosscorrelation van Tilborg, J. et. al.; Opt. Lett., 32 (2007), 313. Tavella, F; Stojanovic, N.; Geloni, G; Gensch, M.; Nature Photon., 5 (2011), 162. Seite 35
36 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time THz NIR crosscorrelation Results: van Tilborg, J. et. al.; Opt. Lett., 32 (2007), 313. Tavella, F; Stojanovic, N.; Geloni, G; Gensch, M.; Nature Photon., 5 (2011), 162. Seite 36
37 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time THz NIR crosscorrelation Results: Merits: sub 10 fs resolution single-shot robust can operate ONLINE van Tilborg, J. et. al.; Opt. Lett., 32 (2007), 313. Drawbacks: Indirect determination Repetition rate limited by CCD camera read out Precision determined by coherent electron bunch duration Tavella, F; Stojanovic, N.; Geloni, G; Gensch, M.; Nature Photon., 5 (2011), 162. Seite 37
38 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time + Pulse duration? Optical afterburner: Modulations of electron bunch energy on optical scale E.L. Saldin, E.A. Schneidmiller and M.V. Yurkov, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13, (2010) Seite 38
39 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time + Pulse duration? Σ: THz undulator can be used to generate an optical replica of the X-ray pulse! Optical afterburner: Modulations of electron bunch energy on optical scale E.L. Saldin, E.A. Schneidmiller and M.V. Yurkov, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13, (2010) Seite 39
40 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time + Pulse duration? work is supported by the BMBF grant nr. 05K10CHC and a collaboration of DESY, HZDR, TUB, FUB and MPSD-CFEL Seite 40
41 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time + Pulse duration? 3. Optical replica of X-ray pulse emitted 2. R56 of THz undulator Converts energy into 1. SASE generates Density modulation energy modulation on electron bunch work is supported by the BMBF grant nr. 05K10CHC and a collaboration of DESY, HZDR, TUB, FUB and MPSD CFEL Seite 41
42 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time + Pulse duration? Results: 3. Optical replica of X-ray pulse emitted 2. R56 of THz undulator Converts energy into Density modulation 1. SASE generates energy modulation on electron bunch To be published To be published work is supported by the BMBF grant nr. 05K10CHC and a collaboration of DESY, HZDR, TUB, FUB, MPSD-CFEL Seite 42
43 Diagnostic challenges: Arrival time + Pulse duration? Potential merits: Results: Pulse duration: presently 30 fs (thickness of BBO) robust convenient to handle no external laser system required Single shot (if pulses can be amplified) To be published 3. Optical replica of X-ray pulse emitted Seite 43 Arrival time: (crosscorrelation) feasible if pulses can be amplified To be published few fs resolution possible 2. R56 of THz undulator Converts energy into Density modulation Drawback: 1. SASE generates energy modulation Indirect determination electron bunch -> need to verify our results at different FEL tunes and by comparison to other methods work is supported by the BMBF grant nr. 05K10CHC and a collaboration of DESY, HZDR, TUB, FUB, MPSD-CFEL
44 Summary Available routine diagnostic: 1. Pulse energy 2. Spectral content Still work todo!: 3. (Arrival time) not commensurate with FEL! potential solution: -> THz/NIR crosscorrelation* -> optical replica/optical afterburner* 4. (Pulse duration) not ready to use potential solution: -> Streaking (possibly makeing use of table top THz) -> optical replica/optical afterburner* *require merely high transmission optical beamline from enf of the accelerator Seite 44
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