Options for a better public transportation system in Gaborone City (Botswana)
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- Alwin Neumann
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1 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering Diploma Course Geomatics Engineering Diploma Thesis Options for a better public transportation system in Gaborone City (Botswana) Reto Nebel Lead: Supervision: Prof. Dr. Willy A. Schmid, IRL Dipl. Ing. Diego Salmerón, IRL Dr. Branko Cavric, IMMES Zurich, 18 th February 2005
2 Summary Summary Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana, is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa and already faces despite its relatively small size of less than inhabitants many of the common problems of other rapidly growing cities. The city is spreading over an area of approximately 200 km 2 and therefore the population density of about 10 persons per hectare is compared to other cities very low. Most families live in one-storey buildings which are situated on huge plots with an average ground area of around 700 m 2. This small density connected with an annual average population growth of approximately 8 % per year over the past three decades has resulted in an urban sprawl meaning that the city is spreading over a huge area as the land consumption is very high. This has lead to enormously high infrastructure costs for water, sewage, electric power supply etc. Due to this urban pattern the distances between basic activities like living, working, recreation, education etc. are long and this is why the motorised traffic volume is tremendously big compared to the population size of Gaborone. It is not surprising that in spite of a relative large road network there are traffic bottlenecks which lead to regular congestions especially during peak hours and around the city centre. In addition, the average annual growth in car ownership of currently more than 10 % and the insufficient situation in terms of public and non motorised transport has even deteriorated the situation. Public transport is based on minibuses which are privately owned and operated. Even though the conditions in terms of safety, comfort, efficiency and reliability are absolutely insufficient, most people especially the poor rely on the minibus system which at least provides an essential service. The high ratio of pedestrians of roughly 30 % can be attributed to the fact that the very poor cannot even afford using the public transport. Although the current spatial structure of the city and the present transportation policy are far from being ideal for providing an efficient and sustainable public transportation system, this diploma thesis reveals in a comprehensive concept opportunities how a sustainable public transportation system could look like and what measures would be needed to achieve this state. For this, all aspects which influence the transportation system have been incorporated. The general concept proposes radical measures to embank the urban sprawl and the land consumption (e.g. massive densification) and to reduce distances (e.g. provision of local centres, enforced mixed land use etc.). In addition, buses with higher capacities which run on a time-scheduled service on a designated network should be introduced to form the basis for an efficient public transportation system. Further promising measures like the reorganisation and strengthening of the institutional structures (organisation, responsibilities, legal base etc.), discouraging use of private cars, supporting non-motorised transport, increasing the traffic flow and the distribution of the present traffic volume in terms of time and location etc. are proposed to prevent the upcoming feared collapse of Gaborone s road traffic and to improve the efficiency of the transportation system in general. Connected with the implementation of the proposed measures is a complete change regarding both the transportation and the settlement policy. To successfully implement the proposed concept, strong political will, a lot of patience and endurance as well as a cooperative planning approach will be required. In addition, it will be very important to convince the people of the benefits of an efficient, reliable and safe public transportation system and to sensitise them for environmental issues. - ii -
3 Kurzfassung Kurzfassung Gaborone, die Hauptstadt von Botswana, ist eine der am schnellsten wachsenden Städte in Afrika und ist daher trotz der relativ bescheidenen Grösse von ungefähr 200'000 Einwohnern mit vielen bekannten Problemen von anderen rasant wachsenden Städten konfrontiert. Die Stadt erstreckt sich über ein Gebiet von knapp 200 km 2 und folglich ist die Bevölkerungsdichte mit zirka 10 Personen pro Hektare im Vergleich zu anderen Städten sehr niedrig. Die meisten Familien wohnen in einstöckigen Einfamilienhäusern, die auf grossen Parzellen von durchschnittlich ungefähr 700 m 2 gebaut sind. Diese geringe Bevölkerungsdichte, gekoppelt mit einem durchschnittlichen jährlichen Bevölkerungswachstum von ca. 8 % über die letzten drei Jahrzehnte, hat zu einem so genannten urban sprawl geführt. Gemeint ist damit eine Zersiedelung des urbanen Raumes, weil der Landverbrauch enorm hoch ist. Dies verursacht unter anderem ausserordentlich hohe Infrastrukturkosten für Wasser, Abwasser, Elektrizität etc. Als eine weitere Konsequenz davon müssen zwischen den verschiedenen Basisfunktionen wie Wohnen, Arbeiten, Erholung etc. grosse Distanzen zurückgelegt werden, was ein überproportional hohes motorisiertes Verkehrsvolumen zur Folge hat. Es erstaunt daher nicht, dass es trotz relativ grosszügig geplantem Strassennetz zu Verkehrsengpässen kommt, die besonders während den Hauptverkehrszeiten und im Zentrum der Stadt zu regelmässigen Staus führen. Verstärkt wird diese Situation zusätzlich durch die hohe Wachstumsrate an Privatautos von gegenwärtig jährlich über 10 % und der ungenügenden Verkehrssituation bezüglich des öffentlichen und nicht motorisierten Verkehrs. Dieser öffentliche Verkehr beruht auf einem privat operierenden Minibus- System. Obwohl die Bedingungen bezüglich Komfort, Sicherheit, Effizienz und Zuverlässigkeit absolut ungenügend sind, sind viele Leute vor allem die ärmeren Schichten auf diese Minibusse angewiesen, welche zumindest einen minimalen Service bereitstellen. Der hohe Anteil an Fussgängern von zirka 30 % kann darauf zurückgeführt werden, dass die ärmste Bevölkerungsschicht sich nicht einmal die Benutzung des öffentlichen Verkehrs leisten kann. Obwohl es die heutige räumliche Struktur der Stadt und die momentane Verkehrspolitik grundsätzlich schwierig machen, ein effizientes und nachhaltiges öffentliches Verkehrssystem bereit zu stellen, zeigt die vorliegende Diplomarbeit in einem umfassenden Konzept Möglichkeiten auf, wie ein nachhaltiges Verkehrssystem in etwa aussehen könnte und welche Massnahmen dazu nötig wären. Das Konzept schlägt radikale Massnahmen zur Eindämmung des Landverbrauchs beziehungsweise der Zersiedelung (beispielsweise durch Verdichtung) und zur Reduktion der Wege (zum Beispiel Bereitstellung von lokalen Zentren, erhöhte Nutzungsdurchmischung etc.) vor. Zudem sollen Busse mit höherer und unterschiedlicher Kapazität eingesetzt werden, die koordiniert auf festgelegten Routen und auf einem Fahrplan basierend das Rückgrat des ÖV-Systems bilden. Weitere viel versprechende Massnahmen wie die Reorganisation und Stärkung der institutionellen Strukturen (Organisation, Verantwortlichkeiten, gesetzliche Grundlage etc.), Einschränkung des privaten Autogebrauchs, Förderung des nicht motorisierten Verkehrs, Erhöhung des Verkehrsflusses und räumliche sowie zeitliche Verteilung des bestehenden Verkehrsvolumen etc. werden vorgeschlagen, um den bevorstehenden befürchteten Kollaps des Strassenverkehrs zu verhindern und die Effizienz des gesamten Verkehrswesens zu steigern. Verbunden mit der Umsetzung der vorgeschlagenen Massnahmen ist eine komplette Änderung der Verkehrs- und Siedlungspolitik. Um dieses Konzept erfolgreich zu implementieren sind starker politischer Wille, viel Geduld und Ausdauer sowie eine kooperative Vorgehensweise notwendig. Zudem ist es von enormer Bedeutung, die Bevölkerung vom Nutzen eines effizienten, zuverlässigen und sicheren öffentlichen Verkehrssystems zu überzeugen und sie ebenfalls gegenüber Umweltanliegen zu sensibilisieren. - iii -
4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Preface and acknowledgements... i Summary... ii Kurzfassung...iii Table of Contents...iv List of Tables...vi List of Figures...viii Abbreviations... ix 1 Introduction Background, task and objectives of study Background Task Objectives Scope Methodology General approach Methods and models Basic data General overview of Botswana and Gaborone Geography Population History Politics Economics Land tenure Planning practice Traffic and transportation Civil aviation Railways Road network Public transportation Current situation of transportation in Gaborone Important facts about Gaborone Traffic and public transport Definition and importance of public transport Existing traffic in Gaborone Existing public transport in Gaborone Administrative organisation, coordination and responsibilities Organisation and planning Coordination Legal base Existing plans, guidelines, policies and strategies Current critical aspects/problems Assessment of future development alternatives Preconditions and assumptions for future development Preconditions Assumptions iv -
5 Table of Contents 4.2 Scenarios for future development General introduction Scenario I Trend Scenario II Satellite Villages Scenario III Densification Assessment of development scenarios Goals and objectives for future transportation system General introduction Reviewed system of objectives Potential alternative solutions for future transportation development General introduction Pre-selection of means of transportation Alternative solutions General introduction Allocation of land use Transportation policy Alternative A Alternative A Alternative B Alternative B Assessment of alternative solutions Assessment approach Weighting factor Assessment Decision General concept and guidelines for future development in Gaborone General concept Guidelines and measures Spatial planning Transportation system Administrative organisation and legal base Further recommendations Short-term suggestions Financial aspects and estimated costs Summary of proposed measures and their benefits Conclusions Discussion Limitations of this study Outlook References List of literature List of interviews Appendix Appendix A: Current situation Appendix B: Scenarios Appendix C: Analysis of system of objectives Appendix D: Alternative solutions Appendix E: Assessment of alternatives Appendix F: Best alternative v -
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