Current-mode analog integrated circuits and linearization techniques in CMOS technology
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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Current-mode analog integrated circuits and linearization techniques in CMOS technology Author(s): Wang, Zhenhua Publication Date: 1990 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library
2 Diss. ETH No Current-Mode Analog Circuits and Integrated Linearization Techniques in CMOS Technology A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences presented by ZHENHUA WANG Dipl. El.-Ing. born January 20, 1957 citizen of China accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. W. Guggenbuhl, examiner Prof. Dr. G. S. Moschytz, co-examiner 1990 H^i y ^
3 Abstract This thesis is divided into two parts: a section on current-mode ana log integrated circuits and one on linearization techniques in CMOS technology. The most important building block of current-mode analog inte grated circuits is the current mirror. In Chapter 3 four frequently used current mirrors are thoroughly investigated with respect to their out put resistance, dc matching error, output voltage swing, bandwidth, high-frequency harmonic distortion, mismatch, and noise. With a new mathematical approach, accurate expressions of the output resistance and current ratio of the current mirrors have been obtained. A large variety of current-mode analog integrated circuits including linear, non linear, conversion, and trigger circuits are presented in Chapter 4. It is shown that due to their simplicity, controllability, and versatility, current-mode circuits have great advantages over conventional voltagemode circuits. The analysis and the design are emphasized. In Chapters 5 and 6 a linearization technique called square difference algebraic identity is proposed to exploit the square-law current charac teristic of MOS transistors operating in saturation and to implement high-performance transresistors and transconductors. Using this tech nique, linear transresistors can be obtained using only two MOS tran sistors for ac input current. The transconductance of linear transcon ductors is linearly controllable via a dc voltage. Linear grounded and floating resistors are presented in Chapter 7, using a triangle-biasing technique to linearize the characteristic of the MOS transistor operat ing in nonsaturation. Chapter 8 describes an all-mos four-quadrant, analog multipuer with single-ended voltage output, which is based on iii
4 IV Abstract the proposed transresistor and transconductor circuits. All the pro posed devices or realized using a 3-/im standard CMOS (p-well) technology. Both simulated and experimental results show very good performances. circuits have been simulated and either built with discrete MOS In addition, the implementation of the temperature-independent transconductors and analog multipliers and MOS transistor characteri zation are presented. Keywords. CMOS analog integrated circuit, current-mode analog in tegrated circuit, current mirror, current ratio, Wilson current mirror, cascode current mirror, harmonic distortion, matching, noise, current amplifier, linear circuit, nonlinear circuit, conversion circuit, trigger cir cuit, linear transresistor, linear transconductor, multipuer, lineariza tion, analog computation, MOS circuit theory and design, linear resis tor, temperature compensation, MOS transistor characterization.
5 Kurzfassung Diese Dissertation befafit sich im wesenthchen mit zwei Themenkreisen: Der erste Teil behandelt analoge integrierte Strom-Schaltungen in CMOS Technologie, der zweite Wandler zwischen Spannung und Strom und dazu geeignete Linearisierungstechniken. In analogen integrierten Strom-Schaltungen ist der Stromspiegel der wichtigste Baustein. Vier haufig verwendete Stromspiegel werden in Kapitel 3 in Bezug auf ihren Ausgangswiderstand, den Stromiibersetzungsfaktor, die Bandbreite, die Verzerrung bei hohen Erequenzen, den Anpassungsfehler sowie das Rauschen ausfiihruch untersucht. Es werden exakte Gleichungen fur den Ausgangswiderstand und den Stromiibersetzungsfaktor der Stromspiegel angegeben. Eine Anzahl von Unearen und nichtunearen Strom-Schaltungen einschliefilich Wandlern und Trigger-Schaltungen werden in Kapitel 4 beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, dafi wegen ihrer Einfachheit, Steuerbarkeit und Vielseitigkeit die Strom-Schaltungen einfacher sind als die konventionellen Spannung- Schaltungen. Der Schwerpunkt dieses ersten Teils Uegt bei der Analyse und dem Entwurf der erwahnten Strom-Schaltungen. In den Kapiteln 5 und 6 wird die sogennant "Square difference alge braic identity" als Linearisierungstechnik vorgeschlagen, um die quadratische KennUnie des MOS Transistors auszuniitzen und damit Strom- Spannungs- und Spannung-Stromwandler zu realisieren. Technik lafien sich lineare Strom-Spannungswandler mit nur zwei MOS Transistoren realisieren. Mit dieser Ein neuartiger Spannung-Stromwandler wird vorgesteut, dessen Transkonduktanz durch eine Spannung eingesteut werden kann. Die ReaUsierung von Unearen geerdeten und floating Widerstanden wird in Kapitel 7 beschrieben. Dabei wird der MOS Tranv
6 VI Kurzfassung sistor im ohmschen Bereich mittels einer "triangle-biasing" Technik U- nearisiert. Kapitel 8 beschreibt einen Vier-Quadrant-Multiplikator mit Spannungsausgang, der ausschliefilich aus MOS Transistoren aufgebaut ist. Dieser MultipUkator basiert auf den vorher beschriebenen Strom- Spannungs- und Spannung-Stromwandlern. Alle vorgeschlagenen Schaltungen wurden entweder mit diskreten Transistoren aufgebaut oder in Resultate von einem 3-fj.m. Standard CMOS (p-well) Prozess integriert. Simulationen und Experimenten bestatigen die guten Eigenschaften der Schaltungen. Im weiteren wird der Aufbau eines temperaturunabhangigen Spannung-Stromwandlers und eines analogen MultipUkators prasentiert und es werden Schaltungen zur MOS Transistor Charakterisierung gezeigt. Stichworte. CMOS analoge integrierte Schaltung, analoge integrierte Schaltungen im Strombereich, Stromspiegel, Stromiibersetzung, Stromspiegel nach Wilson, Kaskode Stromspiegel, Verzerrung, Anpassungsfehler, Rauschen, Stromverstarker, lineare Schaltung, nichtlineare Schaltung, Wandler, Trigger-Schaltung, Unearer Transwiderstand, linearer Transkonduktor, Vier-Quadrant-MultipUkator, Temperatur- Kompensation, Linearisierungstechnik, analoge Berechnung, MOS Schaltungstechnik und Entwurf, lineare Widerstande,, Charakterisie rung des MOS Transistors.
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