Combinatorial Test Design. Juergen Heymann August 2013

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1 Combinatorial Test Design Juergen Heymann August 2013

3 "Combinatorial Test Design" is a 'black box' test technique views function of software from the outside combines several test design techniques to deal well with the problem of 'all combinations' 2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 3

4 Step 1: Finding the Use Cases / Test Cases Assume you have a certain scope of functionality to test Step 1. Find 'use cases' / test cases Ask "What can I do here?" ('user action') Each action triggers a behavior / function 'Enter' / action-buttons but also menu items, tool bar clicks, API: call of a service / function / method / Each action / 'use case' becomes a test case p 1, p 2, p 3 What can I do here? p 4 F8 menu1 tool3 This should give you a complete list of possible actions / test cases that cover the test object and have to be tested (test = setup-action-verify) 2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 4

5 Step 2: Find the parameters of the test / action Step 2. Find parameters of the test case Differentiate between Ø Dummy Data: just needed to run tests, not varied in testing, e.g. customer address, article name Ø Test Model Relevant Parameters: affect the behavior of code under test (CUT) Test Relevant Parameters can be found in Ø Direct Input e.g. parameters in API, on screen Ø Application Configuration Ø Object Data in DB Find parameters Exec This gives you the set of parameters that are relevant for this test case 2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 5

6 Parameter Oriented Test Design These 4 test design methods helps us to cover the parameter space in a smart way to find more defects with less effort! The methods focus on functional correctness SAP AG. All rights reserved. 6

16 A Case Example: Combining all Techniques EPOS Mix&Match All these fields are irrelevant for model (à 'other test data') Single field errors need to be tested, e.g. date in the future etc. BUT: Error checks are outside of All-Pairs model scope First set of relevant parameters: MMCriteria: Unique, Match, Any CompleteMM: 0,1 ProratedMM: 0,1 AllowRetMM: 0, SAP AG. All rights reserved. 16

17 Combining all techniques 2 ItemKey: must exist, but is single-field error condition è ignore in model EligibilityRule1: ItemKeyExisting, NoDiscToAll, AllItems, Cosmetics, VenderSelection, UnitChargeDiscount Operation1: Greater GreaterEQ, EQ, LessEQ Less # aliasing : we consider Greater GreaterEQ 'almost the same' / equivalent; they are iterated but generate no addtl. pair coverage Qty : 2 # Qty: states how many items of the same type (item key) need to be bought before the special price / applies. # Qty=2 covers the case that the program identifies at least 2 separate items to belong to the 'special' (as 'condition items'). # You need the proper test data to 'trigger' this quantity Discount1: DollarOff, PctOff, SellPrice # Amount: ignored for model, just use any test data; error checks: amount off > price, pct off > 100, Sell price > orig price ApplyTo1: Item, Group # constraint: LowestPriceItem only used with EligibilityRules; item/group only with item LowestPriceItems1: 0,1 # count semantics? Count1: 0, 1, SAP AG. All rights reserved. 17

18 All-Pairs Summary All-Pairs in Practice Some advanced modeling concepts needed: Conditionals, Alias Groups Models generate 'strange cases' where one sometimes must think hard what is supposed to happen ROI On average, All-Pairs found 4x the defects-per-test-effort compared to 'manual test design' Links Overview of AllPairs / Pairwise Tools (incl. PICT): SAP AG. All rights reserved. 18

19 Thank you Contact information: Juergen Heymann

20 Decision Tables 5 Redundancy and Inconsistency ECP State BVA DT AP Decision Tables can be Redundant and/or Inconsistent Redundant := More than 1 rule defined for the same set of condition values Inconsistent := Inconsistent actions defined for the same set of condition values Needs more than 1 rule defined for same set of condition values Redundancy: # of actually defined cases is greater than 'Full case count' Tool shows redundancy: both rules cover n,y,n case Inconsistency: Inconsistent actions specified for n,y,n If you avoid redundancy (tool shows this) you avoid inconsistency 2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 20

21 All-Pairs Testing Exercise 2: Test FINDSTR (a command line tool) Develop All-Pairs test model for FINDSTR but ignore regular expressions for 'strings' to be searched for Searches for strings in files. FINDSTR [/B] [/E] [/L] [/R] [/S] [/I] [/X] [/V] [/N] [/M] [/O] [/P] [/F:file] [/C:string] [/G:file] [/D:dir list] [/A:color attributes] [/OFF[LINE]] strings [[drive:][path]filename[...]] /B Matches pattern if at the beginning of a line. /E Matches pattern if at the end of a line. /L Uses search strings literally. /R Uses search strings as regular expressions. /S Searches for matching files in the current directory and all subdirectories. /I Specifies that the search is not to be case-sensitive. /X Prints lines that match exactly. /V Prints only lines that do not contain a match. /N Prints the line number before each line that matches. /M Prints only the filename if a file contains a match. /O Prints character offset before each matching line. /P Skip files with non-printable characters. /OFF[LINE] Do not skip files with offline attribute set. /A:attr Specifies color attribute with two hex digits. See "color /?" /F:file Reads file list from the specified file(/ stands for console). /C:string Uses specified string as a literal search string. /G:file Gets search strings from the specified file(/ stands for console). /D:dir Search a semicolon delimited list of directories strings Text to be searched for. [drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search. ECP State BVA DT AP 2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 21

22 All-Pairs Exercise 2: FINDSTR (Windows) Commented solution (Microsoft) All-pairs model for FINDSTR parameters Note: regular expression arguments (for strings to be found) not shown here Trailing commas do not generate 'empty' value This is a sample solution from Microsoft 2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 22

23 All-Pairs Exercise 2: FINDSTR (Windows) Approach2: Strict outside view All-pairs model for FINDSTR parameters Note: We do consider FINDSTR strictly from the outside, i.e. we model whatever the user can enter as options not what we think the software should do Only when options are truly mutually exclusive (you get error message), we put them as alternatives in the model (à parameter with alternative values, not constraints) This is a sample solution from us (SAP) 2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 23

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