NO 2 / PM10 Measures & Mitigation GRAL as a DST
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1 Institut for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics Section Traffic and Environment NO 2 / PM10 Measures & Mitigation GRAL as a DST Ulrich Uhrner, Christian Kurz & Peter Sturm
2 Technical University Graz - Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics Division Thermodynamics and Emission Research Thermodynamics Prof. Almbauer Emission Research Sc. Staff: 6 Prof. Hausberger Traffic & Environment Sc. Staff: 11 Prof. Sturm Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
3 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
4 Overview: prerequisites GRAL System & measures Detailed base (e.g. # LV/buses/HDV) & emission data Info about contributions of different sources Verified base cases (flow & concentration fields) Measures: Technical acting on the source (engines, exhaust aftertreatment ( side effects) Technical efficient release (e.g. stacks) Acting on the local release (bypassing settlements, tunnels) urban planning or fulfilment limit values Avoiding unfavourable meteorological conditions (e.g. night time driving bans for HDV) Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
5 Methodology Model chain emission dispersion Inventories domestic heating and other small sources as area sources NEMO traffic emission model entire street networks industry as point sources GRAMM 3d-wind-field-simulations complex terrain GRAL lagrangian dispersion model Domain sizes up to 40 km x 40 km on 10 m 10 m resolution NO x, NO 2 & PM10 Sources: line, area, point, tunnel portals (tunnel module) Post-processing (AMV-, DJF, daily mean ) & Visualization Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
6 Locations Munich Vienna Inn-Valley Tirol Klagenfurt Carinthia Styria Graz Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
7 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
8 Example Klagenfurt Air quality only a problem of mega cities? Complex terrain specific alpine meteorology not large emission burden (pop ~90.000) but high exposures! Critical: PM10 & NO 2 main sources traffic, domestic heat, winter service mainly due to unfavourable meteorological conditions Detailed NOx & PM10 data base on high resolution Various AQ scenarios source specific calculated for PM10 (primary emissions!) and NOx/NO 2 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
9 Emissions (Klagenfurt) spatial distribution Traffic exhaust Traffic non-exhaust Domestic heating Trade/Industry Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
10 PM10 Emissions Traffic non-ex (2005) 34% Trade/Industry (1999) 15% FHKW (2005) 6% Traffic ex (2005) 18% Domestic Heating (2004) 27% Total: ~150 t/a Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
11 Flow Fields Classified flow conditions (~400) WNW W NW NNW N NNE NE ENE E WSW ESE SW SSW S SSE SE Häufigkeit [%] <0,8 0,8-1,5 1,5-2,5 2,5-3,5 3,5-4,5 4,5-5,5 5,5-6,5 6,5-7,5 Windgeschwindigkeitsklassen [m/s] Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
12 Base Case 2005 (annual mean PM10) Traffic exhaust Traffic non-ex Dom. heating Trade/Industry 10.4% 22.4% 51.4% 0.3% 5.9% 9.6% Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
13 Base Case 2005 (annual mean PM10) Traffic exhaust Traffic non-ex Dom. heating Trade/Industry 10.4% 22.4% 51.4% 9.6% 0.3% 5.9% Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
14 Base Case 2005 (annual mean PM10) Traffic exhaust Traffic non-ex Dom. heating Trade/Industry 10.4% 22.4% 51.4% 9.6% 0.3% 5.9% Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
15 Base Case 2005 (annual mean PM10) Traffic exhaust Traffic non-ex Dom. heating Trade/Industry 10.4% 22.4% 51.4% 9.6% 0.3% 5.9% Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
16 Base Case 2005 (annual mean PM10) Traffic exhaust Traffic non-ex Dom. heating Trade/Industry µg/m³ background 10.4% observed [µg/m³] y = 1.00x R 2 = % % calculated [µg/m³] 0.3% 5.9% 9.6% Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
17 Results AMV NO 2 LV HDV Busses Dom heat Ind/Trade 7% 9% 8% 44% 21% 11% Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
18 Measures traffic ban on arterial road Impact on max daily mean PM10 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
19 Measure Traffic ban City Center AMV PM10 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
20 Reduction of Domestic Heat Emissions -45 % emissions AMV PM10 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
21 Measures: 600 residences connected to the district heating network effect on mean DJF PM10 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
22 City Toll example Graz European Capital of fine dust Simulation of effects of a City Toll for the extended city centre of Graz, Austria Integrated air quality modelling approach: NEMO + GRAL Analysis year 2010: Business As Usual vs. City Toll City Toll scenario: 2 for passenger cars entering the charging zone City centre: -15% to -8% for traffic volume in total: -5% veh km Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
23 City Toll example Graz Simulation of effects of a City Toll for the extended city centre of Graz, Austria Entire City area: +1% NO x emissions from road traffic NO 2 Local air quality: - 2 µg/m³ to + 3 µg/m³ NO 2 Limit value = 30 µg/m³ Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
24 ALPNAP: Model domain lower Inn valley Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
25 Total (known) emissions lower Inn Valley NO x & PM Cars-A12 Cars-A-roads Cars-B-roads HDV-A12 HDV-A-roads HDV-B-roads domestic heat industry NO x in t/a PM10 in t/a No data construction, quarry / sand pits & agricultural emissions, no secondary aerosol production 111 Missing sources background value Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
26 AMW NO Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
27 Inn-Valley MONITRAF scenarios 2005 & 2010 BAU & MEAS % cars & coaches, +2.5 % HDV kg/km Measures : 20.0 ban EURO-0, EURO-1, 10.0 EURO sector driving ban / modal BASE-2005 BAU-2010 MEAS-2010 shift: -7.3 % HDV (2008) BASE-2005 vs BAU 2010: significant decrease in emissions higher emission standards & fleet renewal BAU 2010 vs MEAS-2010: emission reductions only HDV already 2005 very modern HDV fleet fleet renewal & bans 2007/2009 affect not many HDV NOx Cars NOx LDV NOx HDV Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
28 DIF-NOx Base 2005 BAU 2010 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
29 DIF-NOx BAU2010 SCEN-MEAS-2010 Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
30 Evaluation of existing HDV night time driving ban Annual 2 hrs NOx mean at 2 villages Vomp base Vomp const Fritzens base Fritzens const NOx [µg/m :00-2:00 2:00-4:00 4:00-6:00 6:00-8:00 8:00-10:00 10:00-12:00 12:00-14:00 14:00-16:00 16:00-18:00 18:00-20:00 20:00-22:00 22:00-24:00 24-hrsavg Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
31 Evaluation of existing HDV night time driving ban Annual NOx mean evenly distributed HDV traffic (constant daily traffic density) Vomp base Vomp const Fritzens base Fritzens const NOx [µg/m :00-2:00 2:00-4:00 4:00-6:00 6:00-8:00 8:00-10:00 10:00-12:00 12:00-14:00 14:00-16:00 16:00-18:00 18:00-20:00 20:00-22:00 22:00-24:00 24-hrsavg Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
32 Evaluation of existing HDV night time driving ban Impact of diurnal cycle vs meteorological cycle Vomp std Vomp const Fritzens std Fritzens const NOx [µg/m :00-2:00 2:00-4:00 4:00-6:00 6:00-8:00 8:00-10:00 10:00-12:00 12:00-14:00 14:00-16:00 16:00-18:00 18:00-20:00 20:00-22:00 22:00-24:00 24-hrsavg Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
33 Conclusions Efficiency of measures The most efficient measure depends on the emission mix - location Emission reduction achieved Time and location of release (dispersion conditions) On the viewpoint or parameter of interest: Limit values Health relevance NOx, PM or CO2? local improvement vs total budget? Golden traffic measure: E-Mobility? Emission data & interactions of measures week point! Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
34 Ongoing & Future development Emissions Bio fuels hybrid vehicles, E-mobility, driver behaviour PM10 / PM2.5 resuspension EF, PM 0.1 / UFP Exposure Impact of atm. conditions & variable speed limits NO, NO 2, O 3 chemistry Coupling with WRFchem better PM specification (background secondary aerosols) PM 0.1 / UFP Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
35 Thank you for your attention Workshop Deutsch-Chinesisches Jahr der Wissenschaft und Bildung München,
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