Durability and Physical Properties of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanically (THM)-densified Wood. A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH.
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1 DISS. ETH NO Durability and Physical Properties of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanically (THM)-densified Wood A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by OLEKSANDR SKYBA dipl. eng. biotech., NTUU KPI born citizen of Ukraine accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. P. Niemz Prof. Dr. H. J. Herrmann Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. G. Becker Prof. Dr. F. W. M. R. Schwarze 2008
2 SUMMARY SUMMARY Due to its polymeric nature, wood is susceptible both to fluctuations in humidity and to biodeterioration by micro-organisms and insects. Traditionally, wood durability has been improved by using preservatives containing toxic chemicals, such as arsenic, zinc, copper, chromium or creosote oils etc. In Europe there is increasing environmental, legislative and consumer pressure on the use of traditional wood preservatives and also tropical timber species. Apart from the risks involved in using such substances for treatments, there is increasing concern over the problems arising in the disposal of the timbers at the end of their commercial lifetime. In some European countries there are even legal bans on the use of selected chemicals. Consequently, there is a need to develop alternative, more environmentally-benign wood preservation methods that adequately protect wood at a reasonable price. It is envisaged that new approaches based on wood modification with heat or environmental friendly chemicals will replace the use of traditional preservatives. Three methods of wood modification have been investigated in recent years: chemical, enzymatic and thermal modification. All processes lead to alterations in the wood structure and their properties. For several decades, worldwide, research has been carried out on methods of mechanically and thermally treated wood. Considerable effort has been undertaken in a number of countries e.g. USA, Japan, France, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Finland etc., and to some extent in Switzerland, to investigate and improve wood modification processes. A process which combines wood densification and post-treatment with heat and steam, termed thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densification has been developed in recent years at EPFL, Lausanne. Preliminary studies indicate that THM-densified wood possesses reduced hygroscopicity, improved mechanical performance and little set-recovery. The use of THMdensified wood of European trees with enhanced durability and qualities, without the need for biocides, would be an ideal solution to the environmental problem. The emphasis of this thesis has concentrated on establishing the fundamental understanding of the principles and mechanisms which determine the durability of THM-densified against fungal decomposition. Particular attention is paid to the interactions that exist between the altera- v
3 SUMMARY tions of the wood constituents, its physical properties, the micro-morphology of the wood structure during the processing of THM-densified wood and the colonisation and degradation by wood decay fungi. To assess the durability of THM-densified wood, differently treated Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) specimens were incubated with various wood decay fungi causing brown-, white- or soft rot degradation. Alterations in the chemical constituents arising from the treatments and other selected physical properties of the specimens were analysed. In conclusion, it can be stated: THM-densification of wood at relatively high temperatures not only improves the dimensional stability, compared to densified and non post-treated specimens, but also renders conditions less conducive to hyphal growth within the secondary walls of tracheids and xylem ray parenchyma. The process of THM-treatment enhances the durability of Norway spruce wood against colonization and degradation by brown rot fungi. THM-treatment did not enhance the durability of Norway spruce and beech wood against white rot and soft rot fungi. Hyphae of both types of decay managed to circumvent conditions restricting hyphal growth by hyphal tunnelling in secondary walls of fibre tracheids of beech or by forming a bore holes that transversally penetrate cell walls of early wood tracheids. TH-treated Norway spruce and THM-treated beech wood are highly susceptible to colonization and degradation by soft rot fungi. THM-densified wood may have some potential for utility class 3 but on the basis of the current findings it is inappropriate for application in utility class 4 (e.g. railway sleepers). It is envisaged that the new knowledge acquired within the PhD-thesis will provide a sound basis for further investigations in the area of wood modification and preservation. Such work should focus on specific end-uses of the product and include considerations of environmental and economical aspects as well as sustainability issues. vi
4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Aufgrund seiner polymeren Struktur ist Holz anfällig für Feuchtigkeitsänderungen wie auch für biologische Zersetzung durch Mikroorganismen und Insekten. Traditionelle Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Holzbeständigkeit verwenden Schutzstoffe, welche toxische Chemikalien wie Arsen, Zink, Kupfer, Chrom, Teeröl o.ä. enthalten. Die Verwendung tropischer Hölzer und dieser traditionellen Verfahren geriet in der Vergangenheit vor allem in europäischen Ländern unter ökologischen und juristischen Druck und stieß zunehmend auch auf geänderte Verbraucherinteressen. Neben dem Risiko, welches die Verarbeitung solcher Stoffe mit sich bringt, stellt sich auch die Frage nach der fachgerechten Entsorgung dieser Hölzer nach deren Gebrauch. Einige dieser Substanzen unterliegen in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern staatlichen Restriktionen. Hieraus ergibt sich der Bedarf an alternativen, ökologisch verträglichen Konservierungsverfahren, welche Holz zu einem ökonomischen Preis adäquat schützen können. Von neuen Methoden, basierend auf Strukturmodifikationen durch Hitze oder umweltfreundliche Chemikalien, wird erwartet, die bisher traditionellen Verfahren zu ersetzen. Der Forschungsfokus im Bereich präventiver Holzbearbeitung lag in den vergangenen Jahren vor allem auf chemischer, enzymatischer und thermaler Modifikation. Durch diese Prozesse gelangen Veränderungen in Struktur und Eigenschaft des Holzes. Achtbare Erfolge wurden weltweit im Bereich der mechanischen und thermischen Modifikation erzielt. Über Jahrzehnte taten sich in diesem Bereich vor allem Länder wie die USA, Japan, Dänemark, Deutschland, Schweden, die Niederlande, Finnland etc. und zu einem gewissen Anteil auch die Schweiz hervor. Ein als Thermo-Hygro-Mechanische (THM) Verdichtung bezeichneter Prozess, welcher Holzverdichtung mit anschließender Hitze- und Dampfbehandlung kombiniert, wurde an der EPFL in Lausanne entwickelt. Vorstudien legten nahe, dass THM-verdichtetes Holz eine reduzierte Hygroskopizität, verbesserte mechanische Eigenschaften und ein geringeres Formgedächtnis erhält. Die Verwendung THM-verdichteter europäischer Hölzer mit höherer Beständigkeit und verbesserten Qualitäten ohne Einsatz von Bioziden wäre die ideale Lösung für die oben genannten Probleme. vii
5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit konzentriert sich auf das Erforschen der Prinzipien und Mechanismen, welche die Beständigkeit von THM-verdichtetem Holz gegenüber der Zersetzung durch Pilzarten ausmachen. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die Interaktionen gelegt, welche zwischen den Veränderungen der Holzbestandteile, der Änderung der Mikromorphologie der Holzstruktur während dem Prozess der THM-Verdichtung und der Kolonisation und Zersetzung durch Holz zersetzenden Pilzen existieren. Zur Messung der Dauerhaftigkeit von THM-verdichtetem Holz wurden behandelte Holzproben von Fichte (Picea abies L.) und Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.) mit unterschiedlichen holzzersetzenden Pilzarten inkubiert (Braun-, Weiß- und Moderfäuleerreger). Ausgewählte physikalische Eigenschaften der THMverdichteten Fichte und Rotbuche zusammen mit Analysen zur Änderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung durch die Behandlung wurden ebenfalls in diese Studie aufgenommen. Die wichtigsten Schlussfolgerungen sind: Hygrothermische Behandlung von Holz, das bei relativ hohen Temperaturen verdichtet wurde, verbessert, im Vergleich zu verdichtetem aber nicht nachbehandeltem Holz, nicht nur die Dimensionsstabilität sondern wirkt auch einer Besiedlung der Holzzellen durch Pilzhyphen entgegen. Die THM-Verdichtung erhöht die Resistenz von Fichtenholz gegenüber Braunfäuleerregern. Die Dauerhaftigkeit gegenüber Weißfäule- und Moderfäuleerregern wurde weder für Fichten- noch für Buchenholz erhöht. Weißfäulepilze konnten dem Zellverschluss in behandeltem Holz mittels Hyphenwachstums in den Sekundärwänden der Fasertracheiden in Buche oder durch die Bildung von Bohrlöchern in den Zellwänden der Frühholztracheide in THM-verdichtetem Fichtenholz ausweichen. TH-behandeltes Fichten- und THM-behandeltes Buchenholz weisen eine hohe Anfälligkeit gegenüber Moderfäuleerreger auf. THM verdichtetes Holz ist für den Einsatz in der Gebrauchsklasse 3 bedingt geeignet. Für den Einsatz in der Gebrauchsklasse 4 (z. B. Eisenbahnschwellen) ist es aufgrung der vorliegenden Ergebnisse nicht geeignet. viii
6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Mit den Erkenntnissen, welche durch diese PhD-Arbeit erlangt wurden, ist eine Grundlage für weitere Forschungen im Gebiet der Holzmodifikation und konservierung geschaffen worden. Zukünftige Studien sollten sich auf die spezifische Verwendung von Holzprodukten fokussieren und ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte wie auch Überlegungen zur Nachhaltigkeit miteinbeziehen. ix
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