Signaling in the general stress response of Methylobacterium extorquens PA1 identification of a single domain response regulator

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Signaling in the general stress response of Methylobacterium extorquens PA1 identification of a single domain response regulator Author(s): Metzger, Lisa Christina Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss. ETH No Signaling in the General Stress Response of Methylobacterium extorquens PA1: Identification of a Single Domain Response Regulator A dissertation submitted to the ETH Zurich For the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES Presented by LISA CHRISTINA METZGER M.Sc. in Molecular Biology, University of Basel Born June 6, 1985 Citizen of Germany Prof. Dr. Julia Vorholt, examiner Prof. Dr. Urs Jenal, co examiner Prof. Dr. Hans Martin Fischer, co examiner Dr. Anne Francez Charlot, co examiner 2013

3 THESIS SUMMARY In their environment bacteria are exposed to constant fluctuations of various biotic and abiotic parameters. The capacity to adapt to the changing conditions in the natural habitat is one of the biggest challenges in bacterial life. Consequently, bacterial genomes encode a plethora of regulatory components that allow bacteria to adequately coordinate signal sensing and alterations in gene expression in order to adapt their physiology. In addition to stress specific responses, many bacteria possess a general preventive response, known as general stress response, which protects the cell against a wide range of stress conditions. The core regulatory cascade of the general stress response in Alphaproteobacteria was discovered only recently (Francez Charlot et al., 2009). By a partner switch mechanism, based on sigma factor mimicry, the PhyR NepRσ EcfG cascade renders bacteria resistant to a variety of stress conditions (Campagne et al., 2012; Francez Charlot et al., 2009; Gourion et al., 2008). Despite the three conserved partners and PhyR activation by phosphorylation little is known about modulatory elements and the signal transduction leading to the final output of the response. The aim of this thesis was to gain additional insights into the signal transduction leading to PhyR phosphorylation and the final response in the plant associated bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens. A forward genetic screen was designed, to address the question of modulation and activation of PhyR. The single domain response regulator Mext_0407 was identified as a novel regulatory element of the general stress response of M. extorquens PA1. A mext_0407 deletion mutant exhibits increased stress sensitivity and analysis of transcriptional fusions revealed, that PhyR dependent promoters are not induced in Δ0407 background, suggesting a central role for Mext_0407 in the general stress response in this organism. Furthermore, the activity of Mext_0407 requires the putative phosphorylation site, Aspartate 64, indicating its regulation by phosphorylation in vivo. Finally, genetic evidence was obtained that suggests a role for Mext_0407 in the general stress response upstream of the PhyR NepR σ EcfG cascade. Single domain response regulators can execute their function as components of multistep phosphotransfers, where they accept a phosphoryl group from a sensor histidine kinase, the phosphoryl group then being transferred by a histidine phosphotransferase to the final response regulator. To explore the hypothesis of a phosphorelay signal transduction leading to PhyR activation, putative histidine phosphotransferases were analyzed. Attempts to demonstrate the involvement of these candidates in the general stress response included phenotypical analyzes of mutants, in vivo interaction assays with the single domain response regulator, and phosphotransfer in vitro. However, no conclusive results were obtained and it remains to be elucidated whether phosphorelay signal transduction is required for general stress response activation or whether Mext_0407 exhibits its activity through protein protein interactions with not yet identified targets depending on its phosphorylation state. Independently how Mext_0407 participates in the general stress response, putative sensor histidine kinases which are able to phosphorylate Mext_0407 and PhyR 1

4 Thesis Summary needed to be identified. In M. extorquens, both Mext_0407 and PhyR are orphan response regulators, meaning no putative sensor kinases are encoded at the locus. Here, a phosphotransfer profiling approach was used, to identify putative phosphodonors for Mext_0407 and/or PhyR. Based on their conserved dimerization and histidine phosphotransfer domains, 21 candidates were chosen and examined. The analysis of these candidates led to identification of two histidine kinases, Mext_4526 and Mext_4873, which phosphorylate Mext_0407. The role of these two candidates in the general stress response was then further explored. However, single deletions and double deletion of these genes neither increased stress sensitivity, nor affected the induction of PhyR dependent promoters. Thus further studies will be required to understand the role of Mext_4526 and Mext_4873, also with respect to the single domain response regulator Mext_

5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER DOKTORARBEIT Bakterien sind in ihrem natürlichen Lebensraum ständigen Schwankungen verschiedenster biotischer und abiotischer Umweltfaktoren ausgesetzt. Eine der grössten Herausforderungen des bakteriellen Lebens ist es, sich an diese sich ändernden Bedingungen anzupassen. Aus diesem Grund besitzen Bakterien eine Vielzahl an verschiedensten regulatorischen Elementen, um unterschiedliche Umwelteinflüsse wahrzunehmen und ihre Genexpression dementsprechend anzupassen. Neben spezifischen Stressantworten, haben viele Bakterien zusätzlich die Möglichkeit, ihre Physiologie vorbeugend und schützend umzustellen. Die sogenannte generelle Stressantwort ist ein komplexes regulatorisches System, das durch verschiedenste Einflüsse aktiviert wird und den Bakterien das Überleben in ihrem Lebensraum ermöglicht. Erst kürzlich wurden die Schlüssel Komponenten der Regulation der generellen Stressantwort in Alphaproteobakterien entdeckt (Francez Charlot et al., 2009). Das Grundgerüst der Regulation bilden drei regulatorischen Proteine: der Regulator PhyR, der Anti Sigma Faktor NepR und der Sigma Faktor σ EcfG. Ein sogenannter Partnertausch Mechanismus, der auf der Nachahmung des Sigma Faktors basiert, ermöglicht den Bakterien ihre Genexpression an eine Vielfalt von Stresssituationen anzupassen (Campagne et al., 2012; Francez Charlot et al., 2009; Gourion et al., 2008). Der an der generellen Stressantwort beteiligte Partnertausch wird durch Phosphorylierung von PhyR ausgelöst und scheint in Alphaproteobakterien konserviert zu sein. Darüber hinaus weiss man wenig über weitere Komponenten, die das System modulieren oder die wahrgenommenen Umwelteinflüsse so weitergeben, dass die generelle Stressantwort aktiviert wird. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, nähere Einblicke in die Regulation der generellen Stressantwort in Methylobacterium extorquens zu erhalten und zu verstehen, wie Umwelteinflüsse umgesetzt werden und zu Phosphorylierung von PhyR führen. Um weitere regulatorische Elemente zu identifizieren, wurde eine Transposon Mutanten Bank erstellt und auf eine PhyR NepR EcfG Abhängigkeit untersucht. Eine weitere regulatorische Komponente der regulatorischen Kaskade konnte so gefunden werden: der 'single domain response regulator' Mext_0407. Die Deletion von mext_0407 im Genom von M. extorquens hat zur Folge, dass die Bakterien weit anfälliger für Stresssituationen sind als der Wild Typ und darüber hinaus nicht mehr in der Lage sind, PhyR abhängig Promotoren zu induzieren. Alles zusammen deutet daraufhin, dass Mext_0407 eine zentrale Rolle in der Regulation der generellen Stressantwort in diesem Organismus spielt. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werde, dass Mext_0407 eine mutmassliche Phosphorylierungstelle für sein Aktivität benötigt, also möglicherweise durch Phosphorylierung in vivo reguliert wird. Ausserdem konnten Hinweise gefunden werden, die darauf hindeuten, dass Mext_0407 eine regulatorische Funktion oberhalb der PhyR NepR σ EcfG Kaskade in der generellen Stressantwort einnimmt. Eine Funktion von 'single domain response regulatoren' ist die Beteiligung an einer Signalweitergabe, die auf mehrfachem Phosphorylgruppen Transfer (Phosphorelay) basiert. In diesem System wird der 'single domain response regulator' 3

6 Zusammenfassung der Doktorarbeit phosphoryliert und die Phosphorylgruppe anschliessend mit Hilfe einer Histidinphosphotransferase auf einen weiteren Regulator weitergegeben. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die mögliche Beteiligung von Histidinephosphotransferasen zu testen, um diese Hypothese eines möglichen Phosphorelays zu überprüfen. Mehrere potentielle Histidinphosphotransferasen wurden mittels Analyse der Stress Phänotypen von Mutanten, Tests auf in vivo Protein Protein Interaktionen und in vitro Phosphorylgruppen Transfer untersucht. Es konnten jedoch keine eindeutigen Ergebnisse diesbezüglich erzielt werden, so dass noch offen bleibt, ob eine 'Phosphorelay' Signalweitergabe die generelle Stressantwort induziert oder ob Mext_0407 eine andere Rolle einnimmt. Unabhängig davon, wie genau Mext_0407 an der generellen Stressantwort beteiligt ist, ist es von Bedeutung, Histidinkinasen zu finden, die Mext_0407 und/oder PhyR in Abhängigkeiten von Umwelteinflüssen katalysieren. Da es keine offensichtlichen Kandidaten für solche eine Kinase gibt, wurde eine biochemische Methode, das sogenannte 'phosphotransfer profiling', angewandt, um potenzielle Kandidaten zu identifizieren. Eine Liste möglicher Kinasen wurde anhand der Konservierung ihre Dimerisation und Histidinphosphotransfer Domäne ausgewählt und analysiert. Von den 21 getesteten Hisitidinkinasen konnten zwei, Mext_4526 und Mext_4873, den 'single domain response regulator' Mext_0407 phosphorylieren. Diese beiden Kandidaten wurden daraufhin näher auf ihre mögliche Verbindung zur generellen Stressantwort untersucht. Da jedoch sowohl für die Einzel Deletionen der jeweiligen Gene als auch der Doppel Deletion kein Phänotyp beobachtet werden konnte, werden weitere Untersuchungen notwendig sein, um die genaue Funktion von Mext_4526 und Mext_4873, auch in Bezug auf Mext_0407, zu verstehen. 4

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