50. Herbsttreffen experimentelle Kognitionspsychologie. Schloss Reisensburg November 2017

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1 50. Herbsttreffen experimentelle Kognitionspsychologie Schloss Reisensburg November 2017

2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Grußwort. 3 Programm 4 Abstracts Teilnehmerliste.33 WLAN Benutzer: 50.hexkop@gast.uni-ulm.de Passwort: 6a/p6YvQ3

3 3 Grußwort Liebe Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer des 50. Herbsttreffens experimentelle Kognitions-Psychologie, wir freuen uns sehr, das diesjährige Herbsttreffen im Wissenschaftszentrum der, auf dem Schloss Reisensburg, ausrichten zu dürfen. Auch die feiert in diesem Jahr ihr 50. Jubiläum, so dass wir hoffen, mit unserer Jubiläumsexpertise dienen zu können. Dass sich ein Treffen wie die HexKoP über einen so langen Zeitraum hält (auch wenn es wohl nicht ganz 50 Jahre sind), zeigt den Bedarf an vertieften wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen im kleineren Kreis, wie sie auf großen Kongressen kaum möglich sind. Gemeinsam ist ein ambitioniertes interessantes Programm entstanden. Wir wünschen uns allen eine inspirierende Tagung mit stimulierenden Diskussionen und neuen Ideen und hoffen, dass die abgeschiedene Lage und ruhige Atmosphäre der Reisensburg dazu beitragen mögen. Mit besten Grüßen verbleibt das Organisationsteam Anke Huckauf Jan Ehlers Katarzyna Patro-Nürk Lisa Eberhardt

4 4 Programm Freitag, :30-17: = 100? 50. HexKoP - Rückblick und Ausblick Anke Huckauf 18:00 gemeinsames Abendessen Samstag, Vormittag 07:30-09:00 09:15-09:40 09:40-10:05 10:05-10:30 10:30-10:50 10:50-11:15 11:15-11:40 11:40-12:05 Frühstück It s just a matter of focus: distractor processing in a multisensory flanker task is modulated by gaze Binding and Retrieval of Perceptual Distractor Features Cathodal tdcs over the left DLPFC disrupts interference processing Kaffeepause Binding the Attended Feature Dynamic objects in the tactile modality: An investigation of systematic mislocalizations Was deine Haut berührt, wird ein Teil von Dir - Untersuchung der Grenzen des eigenen Selbst mittels objektiver Reizpriorisierung Anne Jensen Universität Trier Ruth Freitag Universität Trier Maximilian Friehs Universität Trier Tarini Singh Universität Trier Simon Merz Universität Trier Sarah Schäfer Universität Trier 12:15 Mittagessen

5 5 Samstag, Nachmittag 13:30-15:15 15:15-15:40 15:40-16:05 16:05-16:25 16:25-16:50 16:50-17:15 17:15-17:40 Postersession Correlation of reading skills and paired associate learning in the course of development Attentional modulation of masked semantic priming by task sets: Influences from performed induction tasks and mere task cue presentation Kaffeepause How to trick your opponent: A systematic review on deceptive actions in interactive sports Das Blickverhalten bei der Verarbeitung einer Blicktäuschung im Basketball Gibt es Übungseffekte und Expertise-Effekte bei der Blicktäuschung im Basketball? Sarah Lukas PH Weingarten Markus Kiefer Matthias Weigelt Universität Paderborn Mustafa Alhaj Ahmad Alaboud Universität Paderborn Iris Güldenpennig Universität Paderborn 18:00 Abendessen

6 6 Sonntag, :30-09:00 09:15-09:40 09:40-10:05 10:05-10:30 10:30-10:50 10:50-11:15 11:15-11:40 11:40-12:05 12:05-12:15 Frühstück Attention and cognitive control in number processing Über den Ursprung des Number-Size-Congruency Effect: Sensitivität oder Antwortbias? Pupillenveränderungen als verkörperlichter Aufmerksamkeits-Mechanismus Kaffeepause Crowding effects for defocused target stimuli in real depth Implicit Pupil Diameter Changes as an Assistant to Active Input Commands A View to a Click: Pupil Size Changes as Input Command in Eyes-only Human-Computer Interaction Abschluss Hans-Christoph Nürk Universität Tübingen Dennis Reike Universität Potsdam Anke Huckauf Lisa V. Eberhardt Christoph Strauch Jan Ehlers Orga-Team, 12:15 Mittagessen

7 Sa, Session I 7 It s just a matter of focus: distractor processing in a multisensory flanker task is modulated by gaze Anne Jensen Universität Trier In daily life, people integrate signals from different sensory modalities in order to create object representations. An important and controversially discussed question is whether attention is needed for feature integration. We run a multisensory flanker task in which targets and distractors were multisensory and the congruency of two features (auditory and visual) was orthogonally varied. Further, we manipulated participant s gaze in order to vary the amount of attention given to the distractor: people fixated either the target or the distractor object. In both cases, the distractor produced interference based on congruency. Interestingly, when the distractor was fixated we found an interaction between the congruencies of the two distractor features, wheres without fixation we found only independent and additive congruency effects for each feature separately. Taken together, our data suggest that a high amount of attention seems necessary for multisensory integration of distractor features. Only if the distractor is put in the gaze focus, it receives enough attentional resources so that the processing changes from a feature-based to an object-based state.

8 Sa, Session I 8 Binding and Retrieval of Perceptual Distractor Features Ruth Freitag & Christian Frings Universität Trier If a target stimulus is presented together with a response-irrelevant distractor stimulus, both stimuli can be encoded together with the response in an event file (see Hommel, 2004). The repetition of any feature of such an event-file can then retrieve the previously encoded response. This kind of feature-based retrieval is an important mechanism in action control. Typically, a direct link between perception and action is assumed while the possible role of semantics is unspecified so far. Frings, Moeller, & Rothermund (2013) found evidence that stimuli and responses are integrated and retrieved at a conceptual level, even in the absence of perceptual repetition. Similarly, in a related paradigm with a semantic classification task, Denkinger & Koutstaal (2009) found evidence that repetition-related facilitation is conceptually mediated. Here we analyzed whether repetition of perceptual distractor features alone can retrieve the previous response (1) in the absence of semantic repetition, or (2) even if the repeated features had a different semantic meaning. In two experiments we found evidence, that perceptual features of a distractor (e.g. the letters of an irrelevant word) are integrated with the response and can later on retrieve the response, even if only some of these features repeat and form a semantically different concept (i.e. repeating Buch retrieves the response given to Bach ). Our result shed new light on the relation between perception, action, and semantics in action control.

9 Sa, Session I 9 Cathodal tdcs over the left DLPFC disrupts interference processing Maximilian A. Friehs Universität Trier Whether single session tdcs can impact cognition in healthy subjects is currently a heated debate against the background of inconsistent results. In view of the current methodological discussion concerning tdcs, we developed an alternative approach to measure effects of single session tdcs on the Stroop task. The left DLPFC was stimulated in a pre-post design using a new electrode set-up (a 9 cm2 electrode was placed over the left DLPFC while a 35 cm2 was placed over the parieto-occipital cortex) contrasting anodal versus cathodal stimulation. The Stroop task was optimized with respect to confounding variables that were not controlled in previous attempts to measure the effects of single-session tdcs on the Stroop task. In our sample of N = 32 healthy students we observed a significant single session tdcs influence on the Stroop effect in the error data, as in our study cathodal stimulation of the left DLPFC disrupted interference processing. This result confirms previous studies suggesting that inhibition of the left DLPFC reduces the ability to control interference. Single-session tdcs can impact cognitive processes.

10 Sa, Session II 10 Binding the Attended Feature Tarini Singh, Birte Möller, I. Koch & Christian Frings Universität Trier Binding theories assume that encountered stimuli are integrated with the responses made to them, and stored in event files (Hommel, Müsseler, Aschersleben, & Prinz, 2001) or instances (Logan, 1988). Should the stimulus be re-encountered, the previously integrated response is retrieved. Further, even irrelevant features can be integrated and, upon repetition, retrieve the response. However, the influence of attention on feature binding is still under debate. While some theories consider attention to be necessary for integration (e.g., Treisman, & Gelade, 1980; Logan, 1988), others find no influence of attention on feature binding (e.g., Hommel, 2005). In the present experiments, the influence of attention on feature binding was examined. Participants responded to the colour of words (target feature), while ignoring their grammatical category and valence (irrelevant features). Attention was directed to the grammatical category or valence of the words, either in a blocked manner or a trial by trial manner, by asking participants to report one of the irrelevant features at the end of the trial. Feature-response binding effects were only observed for the attended response-irrelevant feature, suggesting that feature binding is sensitive to attentional distribution. This was observed both when attention was varied in a blocked manner and when it was varied in a trial by trial manner, suggesting that the cognitive system is flexible in its allocation of attention.

11 Sa, Session II 11 Dynamic objects in the tactile modality: An investigation of systematic mislocalizations Simon Merz Universität Trier We report two experiments designed to investigate how dynamic objects are localized in the tactile modality. In the visual and auditory modality, systematic forward shifts for the localization of dynamic objects have been consistently reported, typically showing that participants perceive the last location of a dynamic object further along its motion path. Using two different experimental approaches we observed an analogue pattern in the tactile modality, that is, participants perceived the last location of a dynamic object further along its motion path compared to a static tactile sensation at that location. In Experiment 1 (N = 40), the participants judged whether they perceived the last vibration in a sequence of three vibrations as being located closer to the wrist or to the elbow. In Experiment 2 (N = 21), participants indicated the last location on a ruler which was attached on the forearm. We were able to identify the direction of motion as well as perceptual uncertainty as two important but independent influencing factors on the localization of dynamic tactile stimuli.

12 Sa, Session II 12 Was deine Haut berührt, wird ein Teil von Dir - Untersuchung der Grenzen des eigenen Selbst mittels objektiver Reizpriorisierung Sarah Schäfer, Dirk Wentura & Christian Frings Universität Trier Die Empfindung eines eigenen 'Selbst' ist wesentlich geprägt durch die Wahrnehmung von verschiedenen Umgebungsreizen. Phänomene wie die rubberhand illusion (Botvinick & Cohen, 1998) und die full-body illusion (Lenggenhager et al., 2007) verdeutlichen, dass somatosensorische und visuelle Reizwahrnehmungen zu einer Vorstellung der Grenzen des eigenen Selbst integriert werden. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass selbstrelevante taktile Reize gegenüber nichtselbstrelevanten Reizen priorisiert werden (Schäfer/Wesslein, Wentura, Spence, & Frings, 2016). Um die Grenzen des eigenen Selbst im Raum möglichst objektiv, d.h. unabhängig von subjektiven Kognitionen, untersuchen zu können, wurden derartige Reizpriorisierung genutzt. Es zeigt sich, dass Probanden selbstrelevante Reize nur dann priorisieren, wenn diese als nah zum eigenen Selbst (d.h. zum eigenen Torso) dargestellt werden, nicht aber, wenn diese als fern dargestellt werden, was ein situativ angepasstes, abgegrenztes Selbst vermuten lässt.

13 Sa, Session III 13 Correlation of reading skills and paired associate learning in the course of development Sarah Lukas PH Weingarten It has been shown in various studies that the ability to read correlates with different cognitive abilities like rapid automatized naming, phonemic awareness and paired associate learning (PAL). For the latter, it has been suggested that specifically the ability to learn associations between visual stimuli and vocal responses is correlated with reading skills (Hulme, Goetz, Gooch, Adams, & Snowling, 2007). Findings like these are however always dependent on the relation between written and spoken language, the specific school system and other variables. The study of Hulme and colleagues (2007) for instance was conducted in Great Britain with English speaking children. For this reason, we aimed to replicate those findings with German children in different age brackets. Participants (aged between 8 and 13 years) learned associations between shapes of low association and nonsense words in four different conditions. However, we failed to confirm the relevance of PAL between visual stimuli and vocal responses. Different interpretations and further procedure are discussed.

14 Sa, Session III 14 Attentional modulation of masked semantic priming by task sets: Influences from performed induction tasks and mere task cue presentation Markus Kiefer 1, Natalie M. Trumpp 1, Caroline Schaitz 1, Heiko Reuss 2 & Wilfried Kunde 2 1 Ulm University, 2 University of Würzburg Recent empirical and theoretical developments indicated bidirectional interactions between cognitive control and unconscious automatic processes: Automatic processes underlying masked semantic priming are susceptible to attentional control influences. Conversely, task sets can be triggered automatically, even by invisible cues. In three experiments, the present research compared attentional influences on masked semantic priming originating from previously performed induction tasks with those originating from mere presentation of task cues. Task sets should influence attentional sensitization of unconscious processing whether activated during executing an induction task or by mere task cue presentation. In line with earlier work, masked semantic priming was consistently larger following semantic induction task trials than following perceptual induction task trials. However, the priming pattern following mere presentation of perceptual and semantic task cues depended on task set dominance. When the task sets of the induction task were dominant (apriori associations between elements of the task sets), priming was larger following a perceptual cue than following a semantic cue. For weaker task sets, the priming pattern as a function of task cues was comparable to induction task trials. This reversed priming pattern in task cue-only trials most likely reflects rapid suppression of irrelevant dominant task sets. Across experiments, modulation of subliminal semantic priming by cues associated with dominant task sets did not depend on awareness or format of the task cues. This research provides insights in factors determining the dynamics of cue induced task set activation and suppression and further elucidates mechanisms underlying attentional control of unconscious semantic processing.

15 50. HexKoP A-Dok2017 Ulm Sa, Session IV 15 How to trick your opponent: A systematic review on deceptive actions in interactive sports Matthias Weigelt University of Paderborn Performing deceptive actions is a wide-spread phenomenon in sports and it is of considerable practical relevance to know whether or not a fake or a disguised action decreases the opponents performance. Therefore, research on deceptive actions for various sport disciplines (e.g., cricket, rugby, martial arts, soccer, basketball) has been conducted. This research is scattered, both across time and scientific disciplines. Here, we aim to systematically review the empirical work on deceptive actions in interactive sports and want to give an overview about several issues investigated in the last decades. Three main topics of the detected literature were discussed here: (1) the role of expertise for the recognition of deceptive actions, (2) the cognitive mechanisms underlying the processing of deceptive actions, and (3) the pros and cons of in-situ research designs. None of these themes seems to be settled and therefore, they should be considered in future research agendas.

16 Sa, Session IV 16 Das Blickverhalten bei der Verarbeitung einer Blicktäuschung im Basketball Mustafa Alhaj Ahmad Alaboud 1, Iris Güldenpenning 1, Yvonne Steggemann-Weinrich 1, Wilfried Kunde 2 & Matthias Weigelt 1 1 Universität Paderborn, 2 Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Reaktionszeiten (RT) auf eine Blicktäuschung sind langsamer als auf einen Direktpass (sog. Blicktäuschungseffekt). Der Blicktäuschungseffekt kann entweder durch die automatische Mitverarbeitung des irrelevanten Reizes (hier die Kopforientierung) oder durch die Verlagerung die Aufmerksamkeit auf dessen Richtung erklärt werden (Kunde et al., 2011). Das Ziel der vorliegende Studie besteht in der Überprüfung der Hypothese, ob die Kopforientierung einer Blicktäuschung zur Verlagerung der Aufmerksamkeit führt. 18 Vpn (M = Jahre; SD = 1,89 Jahre, 9 Frauen) mussten so schnell wie möglich mittels Tastendruck die Passrichtung eines fotografisch dargestellten Basketballspielers klassifizieren, der entweder einen Direktpass oder einen Pass mit Blicktäuschung ausführte. Zur Überprüfung, ob die Aufmerksamkeit nach links oder nach rechts verschoben wurde, wurden die Koordinaten der letzten Fixation auf dem Fixationskreuz mit den Koordinaten der ersten Fixation auf dem Stimulus verglichen. Die varianzanalytische Auswertung der Verschiebung der Fixationen (rechts vs. links) unter Berücksichtigung des Zielbildes (Direktpass vs. Blicktäuschung) und unterschiedlicher Positionen des Fixationskreuzes (unten, mitte, oben) erbrachte keinerlei signifikanten Haupteffekte und Interaktionen (alle p >.10). Es konnten also keinerlei Verschiebungen der Fixation festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen somit die Annahme, dass der Blicktäuschungseffekt aufgrund der automatischen Mitverarbeitung der Kopforientierung und nicht der Verlagerung der Aufmerksamkeit zustande kommt. Kunde, W., Skirde, S. & Weigelt, M. (2011). Trust my face: Cognitive factors of head fakes in Sports. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17,

17 Sa, Session IV 17 Gibt es Übungseffekte und Expertise-Effekte bei der Blicktäuschung im Basketball? Iris Güldenpenning 1, Matthias Weigelt 1, & Wilfried Kunde 2 1 Universität Paderborn, 2 Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Reaktionen auf einen Pass im Basketball sind langsamer und fehleranfälliger, wenn der passende Spieler in die entgegengesetzte Richtung blickt als wenn er in die gleiche Richtung blickt (sog. Blicktäuschungseffekt, z.b. Kunde, Skirde, Weigelt, 2011). In bisherigen Studien blieb der Blicktäuschungseffekt im Verlauf eines Experiments (ca. 400 Versuchsdurchgänge) stabil, es traten also keine Übungseffekte auf. Übungsstudien mit deutlich mehr Versuchsdurchgängen (ca. 2000) bei vergleichbaren Konfliktaufgaben, v.a. Stroop-Aufgaben, legen jedoch nahe, dass sich Interferenzeffekte durch Übung verringern lässt. Wir führten eine Studie mit 20 Versuchspersonen durch, die an fünf aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen 2080 Versuchsdurchgänge zum Klassifizieren von Direktpässen und Pässen mit Blicktäuschung absolvierten. Der Täuschungseffekt reduzierte sich von 44ms auf 36ms signifikant (t(19) = 2.40, p <.05). Diese Reduktion könnte entweder spezifisch für den Übungskontext sein oder auf generell optimierten Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen (z.b. durch erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit auf das relevante Merkmal Passrichtung) beruhen. Optimierte Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse sollten auch Basketballspieler besitzen, die häufig die Täuschungssituation erfahren haben. Bei dem Vergleich einer Gruppe von Baskteballspielern (N = 16) mit einer Gruppe von Laien (N = 24), die jeweils 416 Versuchsdurchgänge durchführten, konnten insgesamt schnellere Reaktionszeiten bei den Basketballspielern (M = 440ms) als bei Laien festgestellt werden (M = 469ms), jedoch keine unterschiedlichen Blicktäuschungseffekte (M = 40ms) (p >.10). Die in der ersten Studie gefundenen Übungseffekte sind demnach spezifisch für den Kontext und der Blicktäuschungseffekt äußerst robust gegenüber langjähriger Erfahrung. Kunde, W., Skirde, S. & Weigelt, M. (2011). Trust my face: Cognitive factors of head fakes in Sports. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17,

18 So, Session V 18 Attention and Cognitive Control in Number Processing Hans-Christoph Nürk Universität Tübingen Number Processing Research has often focused on the seemingly automatic ease with which numbers are processed. In this talk, I will focus on aspects of cognitive control and attention which are guiding even elementary number processing tasks. In the first part of the talk, I will present how cognitive control influences multi-digit number processing in both children and adults. I will outline how stimulus-induced strategies influence even such basic tasks like magnitude processing, and present a model that captures these cognitive control mechanisms. In the second part of the talk, I will ask the questions if multiple number lines can be spatially activated simultaneously or not. I show that this is only the case when attention is experimentally directed to different magnitude attributes of the stimulus, but not in a control task, in which it is not the case. I conclude that attention and cognitive control play a major role in number processing even in simple tasks, where it is seemingly easy and automatic.

19 So, Session V 19 Über den Ursprung des Number-Size Congruency Effect: Sensitivität oder Antwortbias? Dennis Reike Universität Potsdam Physikalische Größe beeinflusst die Effektivität von Ziffernvergleichen in Abhängigkeit davon, ob die Relation von numerischer Größe und physikalischer Größe kongruent oder inkongruent ist (Besner & Coltheart, 1979), der sogenannte Number-Size Congruency Effect (NSCE). Henik und Tzelgov (1982) berichteten einen NSCE für die umgekehrte Aufgabe, die physikalische Größe zweier Ziffern zu vergleichen, wobei die numerische Größe der beiden Ziffern die benötigte Zeit des physikalischen Größenvergleichs beeinflusste. Kann der NSCE durch einen einfachen zahlenabhängigen Antwortbias erklärt werden, der sich auf die Entscheidungsfindung und die Auswahl der Antwort bei physikalischen Größen bezieht? Alternativ oder auch zusätzlich könnte der NSCE durch eine tatsächliche Verbesserung der Diskriminationsfähigkeit für kleine und große Schriftgrößen erklärt werden, wenn diese Größen kongruent zu den numerischen Bedeutungen der Ziffern sind. Wir präsentieren ein neues Forschungsdesign, das es uns ermöglicht, bei einer Aufgabe die Signalentdeckungstheorie anzuwenden, in der Versuchspersonen die physikalische Größe von Ziffern beurteilen sollen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der NSCE nicht auf einen einfachen Antwortbias Effekt reduziert werden kann, sondern dass eine tatsächliche Verbesserung der Sensitivität in kongruenten numerisch-physikalischen Größenzuordnungen zum NSCE beiträgt.

20 So, Session V 20 Pupillenänderungen als verkörperlichter Aufmerksamkeits- Mechanismus Anke Huckauf Veränderungen der Pupillengröße, die im Blickkontakt erfasst werden können, scheinen ein wichtiger Mechanismus der zwischenmenschlichen Interaktion zu sein. In diesem Zusammenhang weisen zahlreiche Befunde darauf hin, dass Veränderungen der Pupillen auch psychische Prozesse des affektiven Erlebens und der Informationsverarbeitung reflektieren. Gleichzeitig ist bekannt, dass die Pupille, zumindest bei Sehaufgaben im Nahbereich, einen Mechanismus der sog. Nahtrias darstellt, die die Sehschärfe reguliert. Diese drei Mechanismen, neben der Pupillengröße die Akkommodation und die Vergenz, sorgen für eine optimale Einstellung des visuellen Apparates auf den zu beobachtenden Gegenstand. Eine naheliegende Frage also lautet, inwieweit durch Veränderungen der Pupille bei Erregungsänderungen die Wahrnehmung verändert wird. Diesbezügliche Untersuchungen unserer Arbeitsgruppe hängen mit dieser Fragestellung zusammen: Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass die Veränderung der Blendengröße eines optischen Systems Konsequenzen für die Tiefenschärfe hat, untersuchen wir Bedingungen der Veränderung menschlicher Tiefenschärfe. Des weiteren kontrastieren wir die Vorstellung, dass die Pupillengröße als passiver Indikator menschlicher Erregungszustände verwendet werden kann, mit der Annahme, dass Mechanismen des visuellen Systems aktiv adjustiert werden können und stellen die Frage nach Möglichkeiten der intentionalen Änderung der Pupillengröße. Dynamische interaktive Merkmale von Pupillenänderungen untersuchen wir mithilfe von Paradigmen der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion, indem wir Grenzen und Möglichkeiten pupillenassistierter Rechnersteuerungen ausloten. Zusammengenommen leisten alle Projekte einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Wechselbeziehung von Körper und Umwelt für die eigene Wahrnehmung.

21 So, Session VI 21 Crowding effects for defocused target stimuli in real depth Lisa V. Eberhardt & Anke Huckauf Ulm University Head-up displays, optical see-through, virtual and augmented reality devices become more and more usual in our everyday life. In these devices visual information is often presented peripherally, cluttered, and in divergence/defocus. Thus, the question about recognition performance under these conditions emerges. The phenomenon of reduced recognition for peripherally presented targets, which are flanked by similar stimuli, is known as crowding. To address the question of issue, we presented crowded target stimuli in divergent depths than the fixation point, using a real three-dimensional experimental setup. Real depth was created by using two screens and merging their displays via a semitransparent mirror. Stimuli consisted of bright Landolt rings of 0.6 of visual angle. Targets were presented at 2 of eccentricity either on, in front of (150cm, 170cm) or behind (215cm, 240cm) the fixated depth (190cm). Flankers were presented with a spacing of 1 on the fixated depth. Results of recognition performance show strong crowding effects for all flanked conditions. However, for defocused stimuli we observed an asymmetry: Crowding effects become stronger for targets in front of the fixation depth, while crowding is released for targets behind the fixation depth. With increasing distance from the fixation depth, correspondingly these effects become larger. This may indicate certain attentional processes contributing to three-dimensional spatial interactions.

22 So, Session VI 22 Evaluating implicit pupil diameter changes as an assistant to active computer input Christoph Strauch & Anke Huckauf By moving the eyes and changing the pupil, humans direct their attention and interact with each other. We are interested in how this subtle pupil information may be employed not only in human-human, but also in human-computer interaction (HCI). Basic research suggests that changes in pupil diameter may not only reveal decisional processes, but even reflect the outcome of binary decisions. As a first proposal on how to employ the additional information provided by pupil size in HCI, we studied gaze-based selections of a target, in which the click was assisted - or sometimes substituted - by pupil size changes. In two interfaces to be presented, it was investigated whether pupil dilation indicates object selections during humancomputer interaction. While the first interface was investigated using a strictly controlled laboratory setting, the second was situated in a less controlled environment. For both interfaces, live-filtered pupil diameter changes were employed to dynamically speed up a dwell time. Diameter changes throughout the selection process showed an interindividually consistent signal course in both interfaces. Moreover, a pupil dilation following the fixation of intended selections was found in more than 90% of trials. Hence, pupil is reliably reflecting intended selections. Finally, implications of the current results for the next steps in research towards efficient pupil-assisted target selections are discussed.

23 So, Session VI 23 A View to a Click: Pupil Size Changes as Input Command in Eyes-only Human-Computer Interaction Jan Ehlers, Christoph Strauch & Anke Huckauf Ulm University Pupil diameter provides a large amount of implicit data as it features unspecific autonomic activity changes that may be associated with various cognitive and affective processes. In a recent study (Ehlers et al., 2016) we applied real-time feedback on pupil size changes and subjects deliberately expanded diameter beyond spontaneous baseline variations; albeit with varying degrees of success and over differing durations. The current study explores whether participants are able to transfer implicit events (here: pupil dilations) into explicit input requests. We determined individually adjusted strategies to expand pupil diameter; subsequently, pupil dilations were applied as command input in a visual search-and-select task. Varying threshold values ensured different level of cognitive load necessary to exceed the particular selection criteria. Results show that time to explore the mechanisms of action enables subjects to effectively manipulate sympathetic activity indexed by pupil size changes. Average diameter was extended even beyond implicit dilations induced by a demanding arithmetical task. During pupil-based selection a strict criterion (presupposing strong pupil expansions) was associated with prolonged selection times and a considerable amount of time-outs. In contrast, a soft criterion correlated with fast selection times at low mental requirements but not with larger numbers of false positive selections. It can be concluded that pupil diameter does not simply label autonomic activity but also depict a user s true intention. To this end, pupil size changes may constitute an appropriate selection mechanism for HCI.

24 Sa, Poster 24 Wie wird der Crowding Effekt von emotional konditionierten Flankierreizen in unterschiedlichen Tiefen moduliert? Elisa Altgassen, Lisa V. Eberhardt & Anke Huckauf Die Wahrnehmung von Objekten in der Peripherie wird maßgeblich von umliegenden Stimuli beeinflusst - die Erkennensleistung für einen isoliert dargebotenen Reiz ist deutlich besser als für einen Reiz, der von ähnlichen Stimuli flankiert wird. Dieses Phänomen wird Crowding genannt und wird unter anderem von der räumlichen Anordnung der Ziel- und Flankierreize im zweidimensionalen Raum beeinflusst (Bouma, 1970). Befunde aus unserer Arbeitsgruppe weisen darauf hin, dass auch die Anordnung in der dritten räumlichen Dimension, der Tiefe, Crowding beeinflusst. Um zu untersuchen, welche Merkmale von defokussierten Reize verarbeitet werden, wurden negativ und neutral konditionierte Flankierreize verwendet. Reale Tiefe wurde mit Hilfe von zwei Monitoren und einem halbdurchsichtigen Spiegel dargestellt. Die Blickdistanz zur Fixationsebene betrug 190 cm. Die Zielreize (0,6 Sehwinkel) wurden stets auf der Fixationsebene und in einer Exzentrizität von 2 dargeboten, während die Tiefe der evaluativ konditionierten Flankierreize variiert wurde (170cm, 190cm, 215cm). Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen asymmetrischen Tiefeneffekt: Die Erkennensleistung für einen Zielreiz war schlechter, wenn die Flankierreize hinter diesem präsentiert wurden, als wenn sie vor oder auf gleicher Ebene wie dieser dargeboten wurden. Zusätzlich zeigte sich eine Interaktion von konditionierter Emotion und Präsentationsebene: negativ flankierte Zielreize wurden nur dann schlechter als neutral flankierte Zielreize erkannt, wenn alle Reize auf der Fixationsebene dargeboten wurden. Diese Befunde könnten darauf hinweisen, dass defokussierte Flankierreize anders verarbeitet werden als auf der Fixationsebene. Damit hätte die relative Tiefe von Reizen einen spezifischen Einfluss auf deren weitereverarbeitung.

25 Sa, Poster 25 Should priming, prime discrimination, and prime visibility be measured on the same trial? Loss of double dissociations under triple-task conditions. Melanie Biafora Technische Universität Kaiserslautern In masked priming experiments, speeded responses to the target, prime discrimination performance, and awareness ratings are sometimes measured within the same trial (Peremen & Lamy, 2014). We compared performance in this triple task with those in single tasks administered in separate trials. Participants discriminated the shapes of primes and targets (square or diamond), and performed subjective visibility ratings under metacontrast masking at varying prime-target SOAs. In the triple task condition, mean response times were about 150 ms slower compared to single task performance. Additionally, priming effects and prime visibility ratings increased simultaneously in the triple task condition. In contrast, in the single task condition prime discrimination performance decreased while priming effects increased with SOA. Strikingly, this double dissociation was lost under triple task conditions because prime discrimination now increased with SOA. We conclude that the requirements of triple task performance cause massive cognitive costs that evoke qualitative changes in the effects, making it more difficult to detect evidence of unconscious perception.

26 Sa, Poster 26 The role of affective evaluation in conflict adaptation: An LRP study Kerstin Fröber Universität Regensburg Conflict between incompatible response tendencies is typically followed by control adjustments aimed at diminishing subsequent conflicts, a phenomenon often called conflict adaptation. Dreisbach and Fischer (2015a, 2015b) recently proposed that it is not the conflict per se but the aversive quality of a conflict that originally motivates this kind of sequential control adjustment. With the present study we tested the causal role of aversive signals in conflict adaptation in a more direct way. To this end, after each trial of a vertical Simon task participants rated whether they experienced the last trial as rather pleasant or unpleasant. Conflict adaptation was measured via lateralized readiness potentials as a measure of early motor-related activation that were computed on the basis of event-related brain potentials. Results showed the typical suppression of automatic response activation following trials rated as unpleasant, whereas suppression was relaxed following trials rated as pleasant. That is, sequential control adaptation was not based on previous conflict but on the subjective affective experience. This is taken as evidence that negative affect even in the absence of actual conflict triggers subsequent control adjustments.

27 Sa, Poster 27 Decision-Related Pupil Dilation in Letter Selection Lukas Greiter Previous research has shown that pupil size can be applied as an implicit measure of various mental processes. More recently, pupil size has been investigated with respect to decision processes. Both, from the perspectives of basic research and human-computer interaction, several approaches to predict outcomes of decisions and user intention were made. However, investigations either involved visual target detection, where no corresponding distractor stimuli were provided, or decisions were linked to a motoric response (button press), which in turn has an influence on pupil dilation. Here, an approach combining the comparison between pupil responses to target and distractor stimuli with a task only in half of trials requiring a button press was investigated. A total of 30 subjects performed a letter selection task, in which target and distractor letters were presented. Targets had to be selected and distractors had to be rejected in order to write prespecified words. Selection and rejection was instructed to happen via manual or mental response, in half of trials respectively. In addition, brightness was reduced for half of trials in order to test the robustness of a possible pupil response effect against a strong interfering factor. Significant larger pupil dilations were obtained for all conditions, irrespective of brightness or the presence of a button press. However, both factors superimposed the target-distractor-related dilation effect. It was concluded that targets and distractors can be distinguished by means of pupil size and that this differentiation effect seems to withstand even strong interfering factors. However, a specific processing stage causing the observed differences with respect to targets and distractors could not be determined and its examination requires closer research.

28 Sa, Poster 28 Implicit sequence-learning of effects Clarissa Lustig Universität zu Köln In the field of implicit learning, several studies support the assumption that associations between responses and task-irrelevant effects can enhance learning within an implicit learning paradigm (R-E-learning; Hoffmann, et al., 2001). Furthermore, action-effect learning seems to play an important role for the development of explicit knowledge in an implicit learning task (Haider, et al., 2014). What has been unclear, yet, is why redundant effects enhance learning. A contingent relation between responses and effects seems to be required for learning (Haider et al., 2014; Hoffmann et al., 2001). Stephan et al. (2015) showed that learning a sequence of effect tones led to a benefit when participants afterwards had to learn a congruent motor sequence. Lepper et al. (2008) provided evidence that a sequence of task-relevant effects can be learned in an implicit leaning situation. What remains open is whether a sequence of task-irrelevant effect-tones can be learned in advance without an explicit instruction and whether the profit of this learning requires the establishment of the R-E mapping. In order to investigate this issue, participants were trained with pure random material while performing a serial reaction time task (Nissen & Bullemer, 1987). After each response an effect-tone was presented which unbeknownst to the participants followed a regular sequence. After three blocks, the participants were switched to a regular response sequence that also produced the formerly presented tone sequence. The control condition varied in different experiments. Results show that participants in the experimental condition responded faster than participants in the respective control condition. They also showed higher amounts of knowledge in a generation-task. Thus, the findings suggest that participants profit from a sequence of task-irrelevant effect-tones even when this is not explicitly learned and consistently mapped to the responses.

29 Sa, Poster 29 Response-response binding indicates higher order representations in action control Birte Moeller & Christian Frings Universität Trier A single encounter of a response and a stimulus results in short lived binding between the stimulus and the response (i.e., in an event file, see Hommel, Müsseler, Aschersleben, & Prinz, 2001). Repetition of any part of the episode can then retrieve the entire event file including the response and leading to increased performance if the response has to be repeated but to response impairment if a different response is required. The large majority of past studies regarding effects of event file integration and retrieval has focused on bindings between responses and stimulus features, finding response retrieval due to feature repetition. The present study investigates whether similar integration and retrieval is also possible between two individual responses. In a prime-probe design, requiring two separately planned responses (response A and response B) to each prime and each probe display, repetition/change of response A and response B between prime and probe were orthogonally varied. In two experiments (n = 25 and n = 30), the results indicated retrieval of response B due to the repetition of response A. This implies integration of two separately planned responses in the same event file, which might be first evidence for higher order representations in action control. Implications for the structure of event files and more generally the integration of action plans, as well as implications for a possible role of binding effects in sequence learning are discussed.

30 Sa, Poster 30 Using event history analysis to obtain empirical estimates of SSRT in stop-signal tasks Sven Panis Technische Universität Kaiserslautern In the standard stop-signal task, a go stimulus is either followed by a stop signal with a certain stop-signal delay (stop-signal trials), or not (go-only trials). Participants are instructed to always respond as fast and accurate as possible to the go stimulus, but to withold responding when the stop signal is presented (Verbruggen & Logan, 2008). The independent race model (IRM; Logan & Cowan, 1984) assumes that in stop-signal trials a go-process (triggered by the go-stimulus and identical as in goonly trials) races independently with an inhibition process (triggered by the stop signal): If the go-process wins the race, an overt response to the go stimulus is observed (signal-respond trials); if it loses, no overt response is observed (signalinhibit trials). Under the assumption that the IRM is correct, different model-based estimates of the unobservable duration of the inhibition process the so-called stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) can be obtained (e.g., based on the integration method or the mean method; Logan, 1994). Here we obtain empirical estimates of SSRT in the stop-signal task by comparing RT distributions using event history analysis which does not ignore trials without a response. In contrast to the distributional assumptions of the IRM, we find that the empirical SSRT estimates tend to decrease with increasing stop-signal delay, and that the rate of decrease in the hazard functions seems to depend on the stop-signal delay. Thus, the longer the stop-signal delay the less competition there seems to be between the go-triggered activation and the stop-signal-triggered inhibition.

31 Sa, Poster 31 Kontextuelle Flexibilität bei der Repräsentation von akustischen und motorischen Verben Margot Popp Modalitätsspezifische Theorien nehmen an, dass Begriffe in Abhängigkeit ihrer Modalität in den entsprechenden sensorischen und motorischen Kortexarealen repräsentiert werden. Gute Evidenz hierfür liegt bereits aus Bildgebungsstudien für die mentale Repräsentation von handlungs- und akustikbezogenen Objektbegriffen vor: Handlungsbezogene Objektinformation aktiviert frontale und parietale Hirnareale, während geräuschbezogene Information spezifisch auditorische Areale im temporalen Kortex aktiviert. Im Vergleich dazu sind die empirischen Daten für durch Verben ausgedrückte Vorgänge bislang inkonsistent. Mit Hilfe eines Experiments mit funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie haben wir daher die Repräsentation von Vorgangsbegriffen im auditiven und motorischen System untersucht und getestet, ob die Voraktivierung der Wortbedeutung durch eine Kontext-Phase diese Repräsentationen moduliert. Sorgfältig abgeglichene handlungs- und akustikbezogene Verben (z.b. werfen und rauschen) wurden zusammen mit einem semantisch relatierten Kontextnomen in einer semantischen Entscheidungsaufgabe präsentiert. Danach wurden dieselben Verben erneut zusammen mit neuen akustik- und handlungsbezogenen Verben in einer lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe präsentiert. In der lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe wurden Aktivierungsmuster gefunden, die sich abhängig von der Voraktivierung differentiell verhalten: Die Voraktivierung der Akustikverben durch einen semantischen Kontext verstärkte die Aktivierungen spezifisch in auditorischen Hirnarealen im Vergleich zu erstpräsentierten Akustikverben, während die Voraktivierung von Handlungsverben durch die Kontextphase eine Aktivierungsverminderung spezifisch in motorischen Hirnarealen im Vergleich zu erstpräsentierten Handlungsverben auslöste. Die Aktivierungen der Akustik- und Handlungsverben überlagerten mit denjenigen Arealen, die bei realen Geräuscherfahrungen bzw. Handbewegungen aktiviert werden. Diese differentielle Verarbeitung von Akustik- und Handlungsbegriffen kann mit früheren Befunden für Nomen und Verben in Einklang gebracht werden und deutet auf eine modalitätsspezifische Verarbeitung von begrifflicher Information hin.

32 Sa, Poster 32 Prime competition in fast motor responses: Response activation and inhibition in a sequential-prime paradigm Maximilian Wolkensdorfer Technische Universität Kaiserslautern In response priming experiments, a participant has to respond as quickly and as accurately as possible to a target stimulus preceded by a prime. The prime and the target can either be mapped to the same response (consistent trial) or to different responses (inconsistent trial). Here we investigate the effects of two sequential primes followed by one target in a response priming experiment. Each prime can be consistent (con) or inconsistent (incon) to the target, resulting in four conditions (con con, con incon, incon con, incon incon). We designed a stimulus layout where any number of primes can be presented in sequence without mutual interference. Further, we employ a series of different stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) conditions, where the SOAs between primes 1 and 2 (SOA1) and the SOAs between prime 2 and target (SOA2) are manipulated. In order to explore the respective timecourses of the effects on the basis of individual response time distributions, we took a look at conditional accuracy functions (Panis & Schmidt, 2016). First, we found that sequential primes initiate sequential response activation, with earliest responses to a first prime, later responses to a second prime, and latest responses to the target. Second, differences in SOAs between primes result in equal delays of the responses to the second prime. Third, response inhibition can be observed in long SOA conditions, with a second prime delaying responses to the target. However, this delay increases with later appearance of the prime. Thus, we showed in which manner sequential visual stimuli affect response activation.

33 33 Teilnehmer Mustafa Alhaj Ahmad Alaboud Elisa Altgassen Christina Bermeitinger Melanie Biafora Lisa Valentina Eberhardt Jan Ehlers Ruth Freitag Maximilian A. Friehs Kerstin Fröber Lukas Greiter Iris Güldenpenning Anke Huckauf Anne Jensen Markus Kiefer Sarah Lukas Clarissa Lustig Simon Merz Birte Moeller Hans-Christoph Nürk Sven Panis Institution Universität Paderborn Universität Hildesheim Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Universität Trier University of Trier Universität Regensburg Paderborn University Universität Trier Ulm University PH Weingarten Universität zu Köln University of Trier Trier University Universität Tübingen TU Kaiserslautern

34 34 Teilnehmer Katarzyna Patro-Nürk Margot Popp Dennis Reike Sarah Schäfer Thomas Schmidt Tarini Singh Christoph Strauch Matthias Weigelt Maximilian Wolkersdorfer Institution Universität Potsdam Universtität Trier TU Kaiserslautern Universität Trier University of Paderborn TU Kaiserslautern