Introduction to Literature Management in IS

Transkript

1 Chair of General Management and Information Systems Prof. Dr. Armin Heinzl Introduction to Literature Management in IS Business Administration Bachelor Thesis Introduction Session, April 15, 2013 Sebastian Stuckenberg

2 Agenda 2 Introduction Scientific Standards Literature in IS Research Papers References, Quotes, and Tools

3 The Process 3 April 15: April 16: Name your preferences (optional): Announcement of topic allocation at 12pm Contact your advisor to arrange meeting... June 11: Submit your thesis till 12pm July 6: Announcement of grading results Das ist eine Testfußzeile

4 The Topics Coordination in Agile Software Development 2. Comparison of Coordination in Plan-driven vs. Agile Software Development 3. Social Ecommerce? Social Signals as Determinants of Online Shopping Decisions 4. Social Influence and Social Norms on Online Social Networks? The Effects on Brand Affiliation Behavior 5. What is the Meaning of a Facebook Like? Towards Understanding the Theoretical Foundations of Social Endorsement Behavior 6. Developing a Classification of Research on Mobile Applications for Health Information and Their Different Target Groups 7. Why should I share? Investigation of Motivational Determinants in Information Sharing 8. The Connected User? A Structured Analysis of Theory-Use in Social Computing Research 9. Pricing Strategies in the AppStore: Evaluating Determinants for Feature-Driven Pricing in most Popular Apps 10. Performance Assessment of Software Development Teams 11. Task Analysis of Software Development Teams Das ist eine Testfußzeile

5 Agenda 5 Introduction Scientific Standards Literature in IS Research Papers References, Quotes, and Tools

6 Scientific work 6 Is the systematic and reproducible search for an explanation of nature This process is characterized by scientific standards 1. Intersubjectivity 2. Reliability 3. Validity 4. The search for truth and knowledge creation

7 Scientific standards 7 1) Intersubjectvity / objectivity Objectivity addresses the question if the data collection is independent of the persons involved in data collection and independent of the devices used. Thus, two independent researchers would have come to the same results Approach and actions must be described so that they are reproducible by other researchers Approach and Method Researcher A Researcher B Results

8 Scientific standards 8 2) Reliability Findings that can be depended upon with certainty and confidence Reliability informs about the extent to which the repeated use of a measure leads to consistent (the same or comparable) values under consistent conditions Data collection is free of random errors Reliable findings are reproducible, following the same approach in the same situation results are the same To be reliable, findings must be tested again and again

9 Scientific standards 9 3) Validity Does it measure what it is supposed to measure? Validity encompasses the entire study concept The evidence must be reliable and relevant to the problem (correct) Research question must be answered logically within the constraints of our assumptions establishes whether the results obtained meet all of the requirements of the scientific research method Data collection is free of systematical errors Results can be reliable but invalid (mislabled ruler)

10 Scientific standards 10 Intersubjectivity, reliability, and validity require Method-driven and rational approaches Critical assessment of appropriate approach Sound justification of selected approach Critical assessment of collected literature Method and approach dependent on the research question Examples from IS and organization science: Simulation Construction and evaluation of prototypes Survey Experiment Expert interviews

11 Scientific standards 11 4) Search for truth and creation of knowledge Find general principles and explanations Findings from an exemplary case must be transferrable to others Scientific work adds new knowledge to the existing body Publication of findings By publication research findings become part of the body of knowledge or the current state of research Publications allow researchers to build on the findings of others Scientific findings become verifiable (and can be proven wrong)

12 Agenda 12 Introduction Scientific Standards Literature in IS Research Papers References, Quotes, and Tools

13 Why do you need to know related literature? 13 Search for truth and creation of knowledge Validity Reliability Intersubjectivity

14 Why do you need to know related literature? 14 Search for truth and creation of knowledge Need to know which knowledge exists to add new Validity Reliability Intersubjectivity

15 Why do you need to know related literature? 15 Search for truth and creation of knowledge Need to know which knowledge exists to add new Validity Problem must be defined properly to show that findings are relevant; alternative explanations must be regarded Reliability Intersubjectivity

16 Why do you need to know related literature? 16 Search for truth and creation of knowledge Need to know which knowledge exists to add new Validity Problem must be defined properly to show that findings are relevant; alternative explanations must be regarded Reliability Compare own findings with prior ones for contradictions Intersubjectivity

17 Why do you need to know related literature? 17 Search for truth and creation of knowledge Need to know which knowledge exists to add new Validity Problem must be defined properly to show that findings are relevant; alternative explanations must be regarded Reliability Compare own findings with prior ones for contradictions Intersubjectivity Existing knowledge influences assumptions and has to be made explicit

18 Finding relevant literature 18 Literature search is an iterative process Extend and refine search Finish search (for now) Start Find paper Read and review paper Is the paper relevant? Get paper

19 Scientific quality Finding relevant literature 19 International peer-reviewed journals usually provide the highest-quality research Reviewed journals Monographs White papers Technical reports Documentations Internal papers Conference proceedings Textbooks Popular press Online documents Compositions reviewed published Wikipedia: Is not a proper literature source for academic papers as entries are not persistent and quality cannot be assured

20 Finding relevant literature: IS journals & conferences Highest-quality IS journals AIS senior scholar s basket of journals 8 journals which should never be omitted: European Journal of Information Systems Information Systems Journal Journal of Information Technology Journal of Management Information Systems Journal of Strategic Information Systems Journal of the Association for Information Systems MIS Quarterly Highest-quality IS conferences International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS) Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICCS) Necessary but not sufficient for good literature overview

21 Literature search 21 First searches Search engines with scientific contents Google Scholar Scirus For monographs: keyword search in library catalogues (Primo) Directed searches with proper keywords For journal articles: Online data bases (EBSCO, ECONIS, ) see links section and library Web of knowledge Based on specific reference Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek, see library web site

22 Literature search 22 Search Engines For journal paper, e.g.: EZB: EBSCO: JSTOR: For conference proceedings, e.g.: ICIS, ECIS, AMCIS, PACIS: HICCS: For monographs, e.g.: Access Springer Link: Vpn-client ( Please contact the Rechenzentrum for technical support Licences require user to have Uni-IP to retrieve papers

23 Literature search - Exercise 23 Find and download 2 papers which are highly relevant for a seminar paper on Cultural issues in IS Offshoring. Find a paper on offshore outsourcing published in the Journal for Management Information Systems after What was the title of the article which Prof. Heinzl published in Volume 51, Number 1, of the Journal in 2009?

24 Literature search - Exercise 24 Find and download 2 papers which are highly relevant for a seminar paper on Cultural issues in IS Offshoring. -> google scholar, web of knowledge Find and download a paper on offshore outsourcing published in the Journal for Management Information Systems after > web of knowledge What was the title of the article which Prof. Heinzl published in Volume 51, Number 1, of the Journal in 2009? -> EZB

25 Agenda 25 Introduction Scientific Standards Literature in IS Research Papers References, Quotes, and Tools

26 Citing research papers 26 Why do we cite? Show which thoughts are our own ones, and which were developed by other authors Support our own statements To enable the examination of other s thoughts To show how we contribute to existing body of knowledge How do we cite? Immediately: cite the original source Complete: references must be complete so that anyone can find the source Consistently: through all the paper the same technique

27 Citing research papers 27 Worst mistakes you will never make: Plagiarism Include other author s thoughts without proper citation Fraud! Has severe consequences (We check all submission!) Compilation Pure sequence of direct and indirect quotes Has no academic value as no knowledge is created

28 How to cite direct quotes 28 Literal reproduction of others thoughts Only if very inventive or concise; do not use frequently Put in double quote Reference directly after quote E.g. Unter adäquater Zitierweise wird hier verstanden, daß die vorgelegte Arbeit weder unter- noch überzitiert erscheint. (Bänsch 2003, S. 7) ;-) Nice example for unnecessary direct quote

29 How to cite direct quotes 29 How to use direct quotes Highlighting, adding, or omitting parts is only allowed when indicated and not changing the original meaning Omission: indicated with Emphasis or addition: indicate in the text in square brackets [Emphasized by the author ], [Authors note:] Example Originalformulierung Der Verbraucher muß das Nutzungsversprechen einer Marke lernen, er muß lernen, worin im Vergleich zu konkurrierenden Produkten die bessere Leistung der Marke liegt und schließlich muß er lernen, wo er die Marke erwerben kann. Verwendung im Text Meffert/Burmann weisen darauf hin, dass der Verbraucher.. das Nutzungsversprechen einer Marke lernen 1 muss und bestätigen ausdrücklich: Er muß [!] lernen, worin die bessere Leistung der Marke lieg[e]. 2 1 Meffert/Burmann 1998, S Meffert/Burmann 1998, S. 88

30 How to cite indirect quotes 30 Indirect quotes are analogous reproductions or supportive arguments based on others thoughts No quotation marks but reference E.g. Auch wenn Seminar- oder Diplomarbeiten prinzipiell nicht zu den zitierfähigen Quellen gehören, heißt dies nicht, dass die darin beschriebenen Ergebnisse ohne Nachweis verwendet werden dürfen. Wenn eine derartige Arbeit ausnahmsweise herangezogen wird, so muss deren Autor mitsamt einer Kontaktadresse in einer Anmerkung angegeben werden (Theisen 2005, S. 141).

31 The bibliography 31 The bibliography lists all literature sources which are cited directly or indirectly in the text Format dependent on the source type Author s name Full title Date published Additional data dependent on type, e.g. DeLone, W., Espinosa, J., Lee, G., & Carmel, E. (2005). Bridging Global Boundaries for IS Project Success. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences HICSS 05. Deng, L. & Gibson, P. (2008). A Qualitative Evaluation on the Role of Cultural Intelligence in Cross-Cultural Leadership Effectiveness. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(2), See guidelines on our website for further detailed information

32 Tool support: Word oder TeX? 32 Advantages LaTeX Nice appearance and professional type setting No hurdles with large documents Citation styles automatically managed and consistent, bibliography generated Template on web site Advantages of word processors WYSIWYG Usually already present Things you should know: auto-generating indices, references, labels, templates, and fields Template on web site

33 How to manage all the literature? 33 Use literature management software! Manage reference data and allow for adding additional data such as reviews etc. Some support literature search Selection for MS Word Endnote Selection for TeX Jabref: Both platforms Mendeley: mendeley.com Zotero: zotero.org

34 Literature Management Software 34 Exercise: -> Web Start, run jabref instantly Find at least 5 papers related to your seminar topic published in the AIS senior scholar s basket of eight Import the references to a literature management system Export them and send them via to yourself

35 Time to ask 35 Open Questions?

36 Literatur 36 Links section on the seminar web page Bänsch, A.: Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten, Verlag Oldenbourg. Rossig, W. E.; Prätsch, J. [Arbeiten, 2005]: Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten Leitfaden für Haus- und Seminararbeiten, Bachelor- und Masterthesis, Diplom- und Magisterarbeiten, Dissertationen, Print- Tec, Weyhe. Stickel-Wolf C.; J. Wolf: Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten und Lerntechniken: Erfolgreich studieren gewusst wie!, Gabler Verlag. Theisen, R.: Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten, Verlag Vahlen.