virulence and colonization factors

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1 DISS. ETH Nr Salmonella Typhimurium virulence and colonization factors contributing to colltls in mice A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZÜRICH for the degree of DOCTOR OF NATURAL SCIENCES presented by Barbara Stecher Dipl, Biologist, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich from Ammerland, Germany born on June 9 th, 1976 accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dietrich Hardt Prof. Dr. Hubert Hilbi Zürich, 2005

2 8ummary Summary Salmonella spp., Gram negative enteropathogens, are a major cause of bacterial food borne disease with 1.3 billion cases world wide per year and a fatality rate of 0.1%. Depending on the hast species Salmonella enterica spp. I serovar Typhimurium (serovar Typhimurium) causes diseases ranging from a self-limiting enterocolitis to fatal systemic infections. Research done in the past years has shown that a mouse model would be of great value for dissecting the molecular, cellular and genetic preconditions of Salmonella colitis. However, until lately only systemic infection caused by serovar Typhimurium (typhoid) could be studied in the mouse model. Dur group discovered that oral streptomycin-pretreatment renders mice susceptible to Salmonella colitis. This opened new possibilities for identifying both bacterial and host factars contributing to the development of disease. After oral infection Salmonella colonizes the gut, invades intestinal tissues and provokes inflammation. This depends on the injection of bacterial protein toxins into the hast cell cytosol via molecular syringes, called type three secretion systems (TT88). 8erovar Typhimurium encodes two TT88 localized on Salmonella pathogenicity islands (8PI-) 1 and 2 on the Salmonella genome. 8PI-1 TT88 mediates bacterial entry into the gut epithelium while 8PI-2 TT88 confers intracellular survival of the bacteria in deeper tissues. Using streptomycin-pretreated mice as a model, it was demonstrated, that both 8PI-1 and 8PI-2 TT88 are necessary to induce 'fullblown' colitis. 8till, microbiological aspects of Salmonella colitis both involved in initiation and progression of the disease are poorly understood. In my thesis I have focused on (i) characterizing the role of the resident microbial gut flora and (ii) analyzing the function of other Salmonella virulence factors besides the 8PI-1 and 8PI-2 TT88 in Salmonella colitis. In one part of my thesis I compared serovar Typhimurium infection in streptomycin-pretreated and germfree mice which display distinct physiological properties of the gut but have in common the lack of the 6

3 Summary commensal flora. I found that germfree mice were susceptible to Salmonellainduced colitis and that similar pathogenetic mechanisms trigger inflammation in germfree and streptomycin-pretreated mice. Importantly, this finding reveals that the commensal flora protects from Salmonella colltls, and streptomycinpretreatment enables serovar Typhimurium to grow to high numbers in the intestine and trigger colitis. Furthermore, I addressed the role of flagella in murine colitis which has been controversially discussed in the literature. I found that flagella-mediated motility and chemotaxis contribute to the induction of colitis. It was shown for the first time in vive that flagella act by facilitating serovar Typhimurium epithelial cell contact and invasion. So far, little was known about the lifestyle of serovar Typhimurium in the murine gut before and after the induction of inflammation. I employed techniques that allowed monitoring serovar Typhimurium gene expression in the murine gut. lt was found that serovar Typhimurium upregulates flagella biosynthesis genes in response to gut inflammation and, as a consequence, flagella confer a colonization advantage under inflammatory conditions in the gut but not in the normal cecum. In conclusion, using two different murine colitis models it was shown that the commensal microbial flora plays a major role in protection from Salmonella colitis and that, in association with the SPI-1 and SPI-2 TTSS, flagella constitute a central part of Salmonella virulence by mediating both intestinal inflammation and colonization. 7

4 Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Salmonella spp., Gram negative Darm-pathogene Bakterien, sind häufige Erreger bakterieller Lebensmittelinfektionen und verursachen jährlich weltweit 1.3 Milliarden Erkrankungen mit einer Mortalitätsrate von 0.1%. Salmonella enterica ssp. I serovar Typhimurium (serovar Typhimurium) verursachen, abhängig von der Wirtsspezies, unterschiedliche Krankheitsbilder, die von selbst-limitierender Enterokolitis bis zu schweren systemischen Infektionen reichen. Die Forschung der letzten Jahre hat gezeigt, dass ein Mausmodell zur Entschlüsselung molekularer, zellulärer und mikrobiologischer Zusammenhänge bei der Salmonella Kolitis hilfreich wäre. Bis vor kurzem konnte jedoch nur die systemische Salmonellen-Erkrankung (Typhus) in der Maus simuliert werden. Unsere Gruppe hat gezeigt, dass serovar Typhimurium in Mäusen, nach oraler Gabe von Streptomycin, Kolitis auslösen kann. Dieses Modellsystem eröffnet nun neue Möglichkeiten der Analyse von Bakterien- und Wirtsfaktoren, die zur Entstehung einer Erkrankung beitragen. Nach oraler Infektion besiedeln Salmonellen den Darm, dringen in das Gewebe ein und lösen dabei eine Entzündung aus. Dabei injizieren sie, mit Hilfe von 'molekularen Spritzen', so genannten Typ drei Sekretionssystemen (TDSS), bakterielle Protein- Toxine in die Wirtszelle. Serovar Typhimurium kodiert für zwei dieser TDSS, die auf unterschiedlichen Salmonella Pathogenitätsinseln (SPI)-1 und -2 im Genom liegen. Das SPI-1 TDSS bewirkt den Eintritt der Bakterien in das Darmepithel, während das SPI-2 TDSS die intrazelluläre Vermehrung und das Überleben vermittelt. Im Maus Kolitis Modell konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide TDSS ihren Beitrag zu einer voll ausgeprägten Kolitis leisten. Wesentliche mikrobiologische Aspekte, die im Zusammenhang mit Entstehung und Verlauf der Salmonella Kolitis stehen, waren zu Beginn meiner Arbeit unklar. Deshalb habe ich mich im Rahmen der Arbeit einerseits (i) mit der Rolle der residenten Darmflora und andererseits (ii) mit der 8

5 Zusammenfassung Charakterisierung anderer Salmonella Virulenzfaktoren neben den SPI-1 und SPI-2 TDSS im Maus Kolitis-Modell beschäftigt. In einem Teil der Arbeit habe ich die serovar Typhimurium Infektion in Streptomycin-vorbehandelten und keimfreien Mäusen verglichen. Keimfreien Mäusen fehlt jegliche mikrobielle Flora, und sie weisen daher deutliche physiologische Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Darmphysiologie zu normalen Mäusen auf. Ich habe festgestellt, dass keimfreie Mäuse im selben Masse wie Streptomycin-vorbehandelte Mäuse Salmonella Kolitis entwickeln und auch dieselben Pathogenese-Mechanismen dafür verantwortlich sind. Eine wesentliche Beobachtung dabei ist, dass Streptomycin vor allem durch Dezimierung der residenten Darmflora wirkt, welche sonst Besiedelung durch serovar Typhimurium und damit Kolitis verhindert. Des Weiteren habe ich die Rolle von Flagellen bei der Salmonella Kolitis untersucht, welche im Arbeitsfeld kontrovers diskutiert wird. Ich habe herausgefunden, dass Beweglichkeit und Chemotaxis zur Entstehung der Kolitis beitragen. Zum ersten Mal wurde in vivo gezeigt, dass Flagellen den Kontakt der Salmonellen zum Darmepithel erleichtern. Bis vor kurzem war über die Lebensweise der Salmonellen im Darm vor und nach der Induktion von Kolitis nichts bekannt. In meiner Arbeit habe ich verschiedene Techniken zur Analyse von Salmonella in vivo Gen-Expression im Maus Kolitis-Modell verwendet. Dabei wurde gezeigt, dass serovar Typhimurium die Expression von Flagellen-Biosynthese Genen während einer Entzündung deutlich hoch reguliert. Eine mögliche Folge davon ist, dass Flagellen nur für die Besiedelung des Darms unter Entzündungs- aber nicht unter normalen Bedingungen benötigt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit an verschiedenen Maus Kolitis-Modellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die residente mikrobielle Darmflora ein wichtiger Faktor zum Schutz vor Salmonellose ist und dass, zusammen mit den SPI-1 und SPI-2 TDSS, Flagellen eine zentrale Rolle bei Darm-Entzündung und Besiedelung während der Salmonellen Pathogenese spielen. 9

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