NITROGEN METABOLISM IN ENDURANCE ATHLETES. Nitrogen Losses During Exercise & Protein Supplementation in Marathon Runners
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1 Diss. ETH Nr NITROGEN METABOLISM IN ENDURANCE ATHLETES Nitrogen Losses During Exercise & Protein Supplementation in Marathon Runners A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Paolo Colombani Dipl. Lm.-Ing. ETH Zurich born June 24, 1968 citizen of Italy accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. C. Wenk Dr. J. Décombaz Prof. Dr. W. Langhans Zurich, 1998
2 Summary The increased protein requirement of endurance athletes compared to sedentary people is partially justified by an increase in the sweat nitrogen loss. Nitrogen is also discussed to be substantially lost during exercise in the form of expired ammonia. Since no data were available about such nitrogen losses during endurance exercise, one goal of this thesis was to quantify the effective nitrogen losses during an endurance exercise bout in runners. Nitrogen is often supplemented in form of single amino acids in endurance athletes, but ingesting large amounts of single amino acids can have negative metabolic effects. However, the availability of additional amino acids in the body during an exercise bout might have several benefits for the athlete. The second goal of this thesis was thus to generally investigate the metabolic impact of a protein (and not single amino acids) supplement in runners during and after a marathon run. The sweat nitrogen loss was about 230 mg L -1 and independent of the exercise duration. Urea and ammonia made up the largest nitrogenous fraction, whereas the amount of amino acid-derived nitrogen was negligibly small. A daily exercise session lasting one hour would therefore cause a nitrogen loss equivalent to 0.02 g protein per kg body mass for a person of 65 kg. This amount is about 50 times smaller than the daily urinary nitrogen loss. The ammonia-derived nitrogen loss by expiration was about 20 µg min -1, resulting in an hourly nitrogen loss of somewhat more than one milligram. This was even lower than the amino acid-derived sweat nitrogen loss and can thus also be neglected. The increased protein requirement of 0.4 to 0.6 g protein per kg body mass in endurance athletes can therefore only marginally be justified by exercise-induced nitrogen losses. The provision of a sports drink (65 g carbohydrates and 25 g protein per liter) during and after a marathon run caused no negative metabolic effects as compared to the provision of a drink containing only carbohydrates. Plasma concentrations of protein and fat metabolites increased and decreased in response to protein supplementation, respectively. Plasma concentrations of carbohydrate metabolites and hormones as well as the acutely analyzed myofibrillar protein degradation, which was assessed by urinary 3-methylhistdine excretion, were unaffected by the protein supplementation. Additional experiments are needed to investigate the possible positive I
3 effects of a protein supplementation on performance and metabolism of athletes during an endurance exercise bout. II
4 Zusammenfassung Der gegenüber physisch inaktiven Personen erhöhte Proteinbedarf von Ausdauerathleten wird teilweise durch den Stickstoffverlust über den Schweiss begründet. Des weiteren werden belastungsbedingte Stickstoffverluste in Form von ausgeatmetem Ammoniak als relevant diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden die effektiven Stickstoffverluste während einer Ausdauerbelastung erfasst, da keine Daten bezüglich solcher Stickstoffverluste bei länger andauernden Belastungen vorhanden waren. Ausdauerathleten supplementieren Stickstoff häufig in Form von freien Aminosäuren. Eine solche Supplementation kann sich aber potentiell negativ auf dem Stoffwechsel auswirken. Das Vorhandensein einer erhöhten Menge an Aminosäuren im Organismus während physischer Belastung kann für den Athleten aber durchaus positiv sein. Als zweites Ziel dieser Dissertation wurde deshalb der grundlegende Einfluss einer Supplementation von Protein (und nicht von einzelnen Aminosäuren) auf den Stoffwechsel von Ausdauerathleten während und nach einem Marathonlauf untersucht. Der Stickstoffverlust über den Schweiss betrug etwa 230 mg L -1 und war unabhängig von der Länge der Belastung. Harnstoff und Ammoniak waren die Hauptbestandteile der Stickstofffraktion im Schweiss. Der Anteil der Aminosäuren war vernachlässigbar. Eine tägliche Trainingseinheit von etwa einer Stunde Dauer würde somit einen Stickstoffverlust verursachen, der einer Menge von 0.02 g Protein pro Kilogramm Körpermasse bei einer 65 kg schweren Person entspricht. Dieser Verlust ist etwa 50fach geringer wie der tägliche Harnstickstoffverlust. Die Ammoniakausatmung verursachte einen Stickstoffverlust von etwa 20 µg min -1, was etwas mehr wie einem Milligramm Stickstoff pro Stunde ausmacht. Diese Menge ist sogar niedriger als die des aminosäurenbedingten Stickstoffverlustes im Schweiss und demzufolge ebenfalls vernachlässigbar. Der erhöhte Proteinbedarf von Ausdauerathleten im Bereich von 0.4 bis 0.6 g Protein pro Kilogramm Körpermasse kann somit höchstens marginal durch belastungsbedingte Stickstoffverluste begründet werden. Die Verabreichung eines Sportgetränkes, welches etwa 65 g Kohlenhydrate und 25 g Eiweiss pro Liter enthielt, während und nach einem Marathonlauf wirkte sich offensichtlich in keiner Weise negativ auf den Stoffwechsel aus, verglichen mit einem Placebogetränk, welches nur die gleiche Menge an Kohlenhydraten enthielt. III
5 Als Folge der Proteinsupplementation wies die Plasmakonzentration der Metaboliten des Proteinstoffwechsels im allgemeinen höhere und die des Fettstoffwechsels niedrigere Werte auf. Die Plasmakonzentration der Metabolite des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels und der Hormone wie auch der myofibrilläre Proteinabbau, welcher durch die Harnausscheidung von 3-Methylhistidin bestimmt wurde, waren unverändert als Folge der Supplementation. Inwiefern eine Proteinsupplementation während einer Ausdauerbelastung sich positiv auf Leistung bzw. Stoffwechsel von Athleten auswirkt, muss noch erforscht werden. IV
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