Bioenergie: Algen zur stoffwirtschaftlichen Nutzung von CO 2
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- Nikolas Graf
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1 Bioenergie: Algen zur stoffwirtschaftlichen Nutzung von CO 2 Dr. Rosa Rosello, Dr. Fritz Cotta, Prof. Dr. Clemens Posten Institute Institute of of Engineering Life in Life Science, Science, KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
2 Products from Microalgae ß-Carotene aus Dunaliella salina Food supplement Chlorella and Spirulina Astaxanthin aus Haematococus pluvialis Model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtti
3 100mg DHA for Pregnancy and Nursing A product of Deball (China) Apple Bran Muffin Starbucks Nestle Good Start Supreme with DHA & ARA A product of Nestle USA Vaalia Yogurt for Kids A product of Parmalat (Australia) DHA Omega-3 Bread A product of Bimbo Bakeries (Spain) Buckwheat Baby Cereal with Omega-3 Heinz Russia
4 Colorant, Antioxidants, Vitamins Possible Routes to Products H 2, O 2 (Recombinant) Proteins Fatty acids Light Pigments Oil Polysaccharides CO 2 H 2 O New Biomass (Health) Food, Aquaculture, Feed
5 Globaler Markt für Produkte aus Mikroalgen Mikroalge (wichtigste Herstellerländer) Spirulina sp.(china, Hawaii, Taiwan, Myanmar, Indien), Nostoc sp. (China), Aphanizomenon (Klamath-See/USA); Chlorella sp. (Klötze/BRD, Taiwan, Japan), Dunaliella sp. (Israel, Hawai, Australien, China, Indien), Nanochloropsis sp. (Hawai, Salata GmbH/ Deutschland) Hämatococcus pluvialis (Israel, Hawaii, Japan) BIOMASSE Produkte (Auswahl) Preis (US $) Absatz (Mio. US $) Entwicklung Algenbiomasse /kg ~ 6 Mrd. stark steigend Nahrungsergänzungs-mittel, Kosmetika Futterzusatzmittel, Aquakultur /kg ~ 7400 stark steigend /kg stark steigend Düngemittel > 10 /kg aussichtsreich Astaxanthin /kg 270 stark steigend Dunaliella salina, D. bardawill (Australien, Israel, Hawai, China, Indien) Tagetes erecta (Indien), aus Algen im Enwicklungsstadium Spirulina sp. (Japan) Porphyridium sp. Prorocentrum lima Lyngbya sp. Alexandrium sp. Symploca sp. Crypthecodinum cohnii (USA), Ulkenia sp. (Schweiz), Schizochytrium sp. (USA), Odontella aurita (Frankreich), Nannochloropsis (in Entwicklung) FARBSTOFFE PHARMA PUFAS -Carotin /kg 280 aussichtsreich Lutein, Zeaxanthin Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Okaidinsäure Curacin, Saxitoxin Dolastatin Docosahexaensäure (DHA) Eicosapentaensäre (EPA) /kg stark steigend /g bis 1,5 Mio./g (Antikörper) steigend als Marker für Antikörper stark steigend / kg 250 stark steigend
6 Eine effektive Technologie zur Algenherstellung kann einen erheblichen Beitrag sowohl zur Energie- und Stoffwirtschaft als auch zur Klimapolitik leisten. Algen sind die am schnellsten wachsenden Pflanzen auf unserem Planeten. Die Alge ist um ein Vielfaches effektiver als zum Beispiel Energiepflanzen
7 Als photoautotrophe Organismen nutzen Mikroalgen das Treibhausgas CO 2 als Kohlenstoffquelle und können es am Ort seiner Entstehung unmittelbar verwerten. Algen binden mit extrem hoher Effektivität CO 2 und wandeln dieses in Biomasse um. Die entstandene Biomasse kann vielfältig genutzt werden, u.a. als Rohstoff in der Pharmazeutischen Industrie sowie in der Kosmetik, als Kraftstoff bzw. als Rohstoff zur Herstellung von Ölen und Gasen bzw. von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln
8 Microalgae as renewable resources Photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of microalgae 5 % Areal productivities could be 5 times higher than classical crops 2 kg CO 2 per kg microalgae biomass, activation energy light Cultivation in closed photobioreactors as suspension culture Whole biomass can be harvested, no lignins Low (salt-)water demand and cultivation in aride areas
9 Übersicht vorhandene Systeme offene Systeme Natürliche Seen Künstliche offene Becken
10 Basic geometrical photobioreactor designs Aspect 1: High surface / volume ratio SVR A R / A G should be high Enough light energy per culture volume
11 Examples of geometries for large scale reactors Green Wall Panel, Almeria Tubular reactor Kibuzz Kitura Too expensive, missing temperature control, auxiliary energy
12 Building the reactor around the cell Heat Fluoreszenz Respiration Light CO 2 Reactor transforms environmental conditions to physiological conditions. Optimizing reactors means to understand cell signals H 2 O Growth phase Macromolecular composition
13 Basic geometrical photobioreactor designs Plate and Tube in 30 L Scale with Chlamydomonas
14 Specific growth rate µ / (d -1 ) Growth kinetics of Porphyridium purpureum 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 PCE = 5% Light dilution necessary to come to the point of high efficiency continuous light Light intensity on reactor surface I 0 / (µe. m -2. s -1 )
15 Geometrical light distribution Aspect 2: High surface / footprint ratio Light saturation and inhibition can be prevented by geometrical light distribution - Extension of plates or fences in vertical direction - Structuring as tubes - Orientation of plates and fences in specific angle to N/S direction for horizontal dilution
16 Light path length Aspect 3: Short light path length Homogeneous light field by compensation of mutual shading and focussing High biomass concentration necessary for cheap agitation and harvesting
17 CFD as tool for bioreactor optimization results from a Gicon Kit cooperation geometrical optimization Design aspect: focusing mixing energy to specific frequencies
18 Physiological Interaction: Flashing light effect Supersaturation zone Limiting / dark zone Algal cells can store energy under strong light Optimal Zone and use it up under limiting light conditions
19 Specific growth rate µ / (d -1 ) Growth kinetics of Porphyridium purpureum 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 intermittant light 5/5 ms Practical realization difficult 10/10 ms 20/20 ms 10/60 ms Disappointing performance of large reactors 3000/3000 ms Light intensity on reactor surface I 0 / (µe. m -2. s -1 )
20 Model reactor for kinetic studies especially developed illumination device using LEDs and collimating lenses (2 L reactor) homogenously illuminated volume mutual shading of the cells compensated by focusing effect (lens effect) highly controlled conditions wide range of spectral distribution light intensities up to µe/(m 2 s) light/dark cycles up to 500 Hz
21 Problem analysis Photo-Bioreactor Development Scale-down / Scale-up Optimized Demonstration-Reactor Modelling & Simulation Of possible large scale Experiments with decoupled parameters in special modelling reactors Technical implementation in pilot scale Re-assemble in small scale Understanding of decisive interactions between cell and reactor
22 Photobioreaktor nach dem Tannenbaumprinzip
23 Photobioreaktor nach dem Tannenbaumprinzip (Funktionsmuster in Köthen
24 Carbon neutral product cycles Bioreaction: (Artificial) illumination Measurement and control Downstream: Concentration Fractionation Bio-refinery: High-value product By-products
25 Lower prices Larger areas Stepping Stones of Microalgal Industry Finechemikals: Pigments Fatty Acids Human Nutrition Aquacultur Feed Bulkchemikals Energy: Biodiesel Biogas, H BLT- Institut, Bereich Institute III: of BIOVERFAHRENSTECHNIK Engineering in Life Science Fakultät für Chemieingenieurwesen Department Bioprocess und Verfahrenstechnik Engineering
26 Department of Bioprocess Engineering bio-ag wishes GICON Good Luck and Continued Success
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