Analysis, optimization, and synthesis of planar integrated lightwave circuits for WDM applications
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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Analysis, optimization, and synthesis of planar integrated lightwave circuits for WDM applications Author(s): Spühler, Michael-Martin Publication Date: 2000 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library
2 Diss. ETH No Analysis, Optimization,and Synthesis of Planar IntegratedLightwaveCircuits for WDM Applications A dissertationsubmitted to the Swiss FederalInstituteof TechnologyZürich for the degree of DOCTOR OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES presented by Michael-MartinSpühler Dipl. EL-Ing. ETH/HTL born April 30, 1969 Citizen of Zürich and WasterkineenZH, Switzerland accepted on the recommendationof Prof. Dr. WernerBächtold. examiner Prof. Dr. Rene Dändliker, co-examiner Dr. Gian-LucaBona, co-examiner 2000
3 Zusammenfassung In Kommunikationssystemen werden immer häufiger integriert-optischeelemente eingesetzt. Diverse Wellenleiter technologien und -herstellungsverfahren wurden in den letzten Jahren entwickelt. Dieser Trend wird bestimmt noch einige Zeit anhalten. Die Entwicklung von optisch integrierten Schaltungs elementen ist eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe. Der Computer nimmt auch in diesem Gebiet eine immer wichtigere Rolle ein. Dies nicht nur für die notwendigen Simulationen, sondern insbesondereauch für die Optimierungneuer Strukturen. Da die Konkurrenz gross ist, muss der Entwickler über Analyse- und Optimierungswerkzeuge verfügen, welche es ihm erlauben, kurze Entwicklungszeitenzu erreichen. In der vorliegendenarbeit wurde gezeigt, dass die Anwendung unkonventioneller Entwicklungs- und Optimierungsprozeduren es erlaubt, Lösungen zu finden, welche vorher unbekannt waren. Evolutionäre Algorithmen stellten sich als sehr effizientes Werkzeugheraus. Als Grundlage für die Simulation von optischen Strukturen wurde eine verbesserte Methode zur Berechnung von Grund moden und auch Moden höherer Ordnungvon beliebigen Wellen leiterkonfigurationen entwickelt. Diese Technik ist dann sehr sinnvoll, wenn BPM (Beam Propagation Method) zur Simulation von optischen Wellenleiterstrukturenbenutzt wird. Sie erweist sich als sehr genau und reduziert gleichzeitig die Rechenzeit in den meisten Fällen. Um die Verluste beim Übergang von der Glasfaser auf den Chip zu reduzieren, wurde ein neuartiger Modenkonverter entwickelt. Er besteht aus einem nicht-periodischsegmentierten Wellenleiter mit unregelmässigembreitenverlauf. Die Struktur ist nur 100 bis 140 (am lang und reduziert die Verluste um mehr als 2 db pro Übergang. Zudem hat die Struktur sehr geringe Reflexionen. Die Synthese des Modenkonverterswurde mit der Hilfe eines effizienten genetischenalgorithmus gemacht. Das interne Verhalten des für den Modenkonverterbenutzten Optimierungsalgorithmus wurde daraufhin analysiert. Es war
4 2 Zusammenfassung damit möglich, den impliziten Parallelismusdes Algorithmus zu zeigen, indem gezielt die Evolution von Mustern, die Subpopulationen bildeten, beobachtet wurden. Die Erkenntnisse die daraus entstanden wurden dazu verwendet, ein Qualitätsmass zu definieren, welches es erlaubt, die Optimierung zu beobachten und zu beurteilen. Es ist damit möglich, die Evolutionlaufend auf deren Effizienz zu prüfen. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde ein neues Analyse- und Optimierungskonzept für planare integrierte Optik entwickelt. Es basiert auf der Streumatrix Methode und beinhaltet drei Repräsentationsebenen für die Strukturen. Der daraus entstandene Vorwärtslöserist sehr genau und schnell und bildet die Grundlage für einen Optimierungsalgorithmus. Auch hier wurde eine evolutionäre Technik verwendet, welche allerdings, wegen der geometrischen Natur der einzelnenstrukturen,einige Restriktionen beinhaltet. Als Produkt dieser Arbeit entstand eine benutzerfreundliche Microsoft Windows Anwendung. Sie enthält alle in dieser Dissertation entwickeltenkomponenten. Das Programmerlaubt BPM Simulationen und Modenberechnungenund integriert auch die entwickeltencad Funktionenfür planare optisch-integrierte
5 Abstract The domain of integrated optics for communicationsystems is a field that is growing rapidly. Many waveguidetechnologies and fabricationtechniqueshave been developedin the last few years. This developmentwill probably continue in the future. Designing integrated lightwave cireuits in this context is a very demanding task. The Computer becomes more and more important in this field. Not only for the necessary simulations but also for the optimization of new struetures. Since the competition is very intense, the designer must utilize analysis and optimization tools to shorten the design cycle. In this work it was shown that using non-conventionaldesign and optimization procedures, it is possible to find Solutions that were not known before. Evolutionary optimization procedures proved to be very efficientfor this task. As a base element for the Simulation of integrated optical struetures an improved method to extract fundamental and higher-order eigenmodes of arbitrarily shaped waveguides developed. This technique was is very usefui, when usingbpm (Beam Propagation Method) for the Simulation of optical waveguide struetures. The results are very accurate, while the calculation time is reduced in most cases. For the reduction of the coupling losses at the interface a novel between optical fibers and integrated lightwave cireuits, spot-size Converter was designed. It has the form of a nonperiodic segmented waveguide with irregulär tapering. This structure is only 100 to 140 pim long, reduces the coupling losses more than 2 db per interface and has very low reflections. The synthesis of the spot-size Converter was completed with the help of a breeder genetic algorithm. The intrinsic behavior of the algorithm used for the optimization of the spot-size Converter was analyzed. It was possible to demonstrate the implicit parallelism of the algorithm by observingthe evolution of patterns included in the optimized population. Using this insight a new evolution quality figure was proposed. This figure was used to observe and judge the evolution process with respect to its efficiency.
6 4 Abstract In the last part of this thesis, a new coneept for the analysis and optimization of planar integrated lightwave cireuits was developed. It is based on a scattering matrix approach and includes three representation levels of the struetures. The resulting forward solver is very accurate and fast. Based on this forward solver an optimizer was built. It is based on an evolutionary procedure with some restrictions because of the geometrical nature of the individuals. As a result of this work a user friendly Microsoft Windows based application was developed. All components that were developed and used during this thesis are included. The application allows BPM simulations as well as eigenmode calculations, and integrates the developed CAD functionalityfor planar integrated lightwavecireuits.
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