Forest Energy in Bavaria, current practices and sustainability perspectives

Forest Energy in Bavaria, current practices and sustainability perspectives Joensuu Forestry Networking Week 2011 Florian Zormaier, Bavarian State Institute of Forestry Department Forest Technology, Business studies, Timber 24. May 2011

table of content Forest Energy in Bavaria forestry in Bavaria definition of energy wood pellets firewood wood chips short rotation plantations energy wood demand

Forestry in Bavaria forestland in Bavaria 36,3% of total land area 2.6 mio. ha forestland Forestland / inhabitant: 0,20 ha land / inhabitant: 0,57 ha growing stock = 1 bill. m³ forest state forest

distribution of trees in Bavaria Forestry in Bavaria 13% Fichte spruce pine Kiefer 12% 45% larch Lärche douglas fir Douglasie 6% 2% 1% 2% 19% fir Tanne oak Eiche beech Buche other broadleaved species sonstige Laubbäume BWI²

forest ownership in Bavaria Forestry in Bavaria private 130 associations of forest owners Röder et al. (2008)

public forest organizations Forestry in Bavaria main task: - execution of the forest law - consulting and promoting of private and community forest owners and their associations 47 regional offices special agencies (e.g. LWF) management of the state forest owner of the forest land : state of Bavaria 41 forest districts

Forestry in Bavaria Mio. Efm m³ / year 30 cuttings in Bavaria Buche, beech, sonst. Laubbholz Eiche oak Kiefer, pine, larch Lärche Fichte,Tanne,Douglasie spruce, fir, douglas fir other broadleaved 25,8 25 20 15 15,7 20,7 13,0 16,4 17,1 17,7 20,6 21,2 17,6 16,1 16,3 10 5 0 increment Zuwachs cuttings Nutzung Potenzial potential 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 88-02 88-02 03-32 BWI Bayerische BWI growing Landesanstalt stock für Wald keeps und the Forstwirtschaft same level

cuttings in Bavaria - assortments Forestry in Bavaria Mio. m³ 25,0 20,0 4,3 4,8 15,0 10,0 5,0 1,8 1,8 13,9 13,3 4,9 1,5 10,4 5,0 5,0 1,3 1,2 9,0 9,2 unused timber firewood / wood chips industrial wood stem wood 0,0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Hastreiter (2009, 2010)

Forestry in Bavaria distribution of the assortments in private forests till 200 ha (cutting 2010) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% wood chips firewood industrial wood stem wood 10% 0% 0,1-1 ha 1-5 ha 5-10 ha 10-20 ha 20-50 ha 50-100 ha 100-200 ha Hastreiter (2011)

wood energy assortments Definition of energy wood energy wood wood energy from forests sawmill residues recycled wood wood from landscape maintenance wood from short rotation plantations firewood wood chips industrial wood pellets Bauer et al. (2006)

Pellets pellet market in Germany - production of pellets in Germany 2,6 Mio. tons capacity 1,8 Mio. tons production 1,4 Mio. tons consumption in Germany (2010, www.depv.de): - price: 247,67 /tons (Feb 2011, delivery of 5 tons, transport distance below 50 km, www.carmen-ev.de) - 140.000 heating systems fired by pellets in Germany 42 % in Bavaria (2010, www.depv.de)

table of content Forest Energy in Bavaria forestry in Bavaria definition of energy wood pellets firewood wood chips short rotation plantations energy wood demand

Firewood

Firewood production of firewood supply chains stand forest road transport converting place storage transport/customer chain 1 (sparetime wood gatherer) chain 2 (forest owner low mechanized) chain 3 (forest owner higher mechanized) chain 4 (professional firewood entrepreneur) Höldrich et al. (2006)

production of firewood time consumption und costs Firewood chain 1 (sparetime, wood gatherer) chain 2 (low mechanized) chain 3 (higher mechanized) chain 4 (professional entrepreneur) time consumption [h/m³] [ /m³] production costs [ /m³ stacked] 5,7 4,24 1,27 0,49 70,66 55,29 34,18 38,15 45,- 35,- 22,- 24,- Höldrich et al. (2006)

Firewood prices of firewood in Bavaria ( /m³ stacked) Stand: Januar 2010 Quelle: LWF softwood hardwood (spruce, pine, fir, larch, douglas fir) (beech, oak, birch, white beech, others) 1 m 33 cm 25 cm 1 m 33 cm 25 cm Bavaria (average) 44 56 59 65 80 84 (23 74) (40 83) (42 84) (33 90) (53 120) (59-125) professional firewood trading 50 (30 74) 59 (42 83) 62 (42 84) 73 (50 90) 85 (60 120) 90 (61 125) marketer of little amounts 41 (23 60) 53 (40 72) 57 (43 78) 61 (33 85) 73 (53 90) 78 (59 110) price /m³ stacked; including tax; spitted, dried by air (moisture content: 10 20%) firewood; transport of 15 km included; price dispersion in brackets

table of content Forest Energy in Bavaria forestry in Bavaria definition of energy wood pellets fire wood wood chips short rotation plantations energy wood demand

supply chain different places for chipping felling/harvesting skidding to strip road Wood chips chipping on strip road skidding/storing of timber skidding wood chips chipping on forest road transport of timber Transport of chips chipping at heating plant

Wood chips supply chain of wood chips machinery felling / harvesting skidding chipping transport Eberhardinger (2011); Wittkopf (2005)

Wood chips storage

Wood chips chipping on the forest roads

Wood chips feller buncher technology Eberhardinger (2011)

Wood chips feller buncher technology felling skidding chipping + transport total costs Gesamtkosten felling Fällen felling skidding chipping + transport skidding Rücken chipping transport Hacken & Transport Maximum Minimum 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 / m³ loose Eberhardinger (2011)

Wood chips procedure costs of the supply chain minimal [ / Srm] maximal [ / Srm] logging 5 15 chipping 3 6 transport (low distance) 2 4 chipping in the forest (without storage and long distance transport of the chips) 10 25 storage 2 4 reload und (long distance) transport 3 6 chipping in the forest and storage and long distance transport of the chips 15 35 costs of the supply chains: 8 35 /Srm at the plant proceeds: 9 30 /Srm at the plant CARMEN (2011), Eberhardinger (2011), Textor et al. (2008), Wittkopf (2005) Srm = loose cubic metre Textor et al. (2008)

requirement to the quality of wood chips Wood chips higher quality lower qualitiy sharp edges < form > smashed low < low < proportion of fine material proportion of needles > high > high low < moisture content > high

Wood chips nutrient sustainability reserve by harvesting biomass low medium high Kölling, 2010

table of content Forest Energy in Bavaria forestry in Bavaria definition of energy wood pellets firewood wood chips short rotation plantations energy wood demand

planting on agricultural land characteristics Short rotation plantations tree species with fast growth in the early ages and ability of resprouting from the stump use of clonal breeding material of Aspen, Balsam-poplar and Willow extreme short rotation periods (3 10 years) yield: 10-12 t dry weight per ha and year plant once and harvest serval times

Short rotation plantations

Short rotation plantations motormanual felling - cranefed chipper (after 5 years) Burger (2011)

Short rotation plantations feller buncher - forwarder - chipper (after 5 years) Burger (2011)

feller chunker (after 5 years) short rotation plantations Burger (2011)

Short rotation plantations motormanual felling pre bunching cranefed chipper (after 10 years) Burger (2011)

Short rotation plantations harvester forwarder chipper (after 10 years) Burger (2011)

costs (without transport) Short rotation plantations 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Fällen-Hacken (Kran) (5 J.) motormanual felling (5 years) Fäller/Bündler-Rück.-Hack. (5 J.) feller buncher(5 years) Gehölzmähhäcksler (5 J.) feller chunker (5 years) / Srm FM /t atro Fällen-Rücken-Hacken (10 J.) motormanual felling (10 years) harvester (10 years) Harvester-Rücken-Hacken (10 J.) Srm = loose cubic metre Burger (2011)

table of content Forest Energy in Bavaria forestry in Bavaria definition of energy wood pellets firewood wood chips short rotation plantations energy wood demand

Mio. Festmeter consumption of energy wood in Bavaria demand of energy wood increases Energy wood demand consumption of wood energy in the year 2008: 66 PJ (3,2 % of the total primary energy supply (TPES)) 90 % heat, 10 % electricity consumers of energy wood: households (fire places, central heating systems fired by split logs, chips or pellets) carpentry biomass heating plants (BHP), combined heat and power plants (CHPP)

Energy wood demand subsidized biomass heating plants (CHPP) in Bavaria www.carmen-ev.de

development of the fuel prices Energy wood demand fossil fuels firewood pellets wood chips www.carmen-ev.de

Energy wood demand subsidies German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) for electric power from biomass up to 20 MW el guaranteed payment: 85-210 /MWh for 20 years bonus-system for chips directly from forests, landscape maintenance and short rotation plantations and bonus-system for CHP and new technology Support programs for central heating systems and heating plants market stimulation (Germany) for central heating systems fired by split logs (1000 ), chips (1000 ) or pellets (36 /kw installed, minimum 2000 ) Bavarian support program for heating plants: substitution of more than 500 tons CO 2 in 7 years; subsidies up to 200.000 or 30 % of the investment

summary Forest Energy in Bavaria forest owners produce firewood and wood chips the production of energy wood is important for the forest owner (additional income, forest protection, self supply) the optimization of the wood chips supply chain is an ongoing task (including the aspect of nutrient sustainability) demand of energy wood will increase short rotation plantation could be an additional potential

Contact Dr. Florian Zormaier Bavarian State Institute of Forestry Department Forest Technology, Business studies, Timber Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354 Freising, Germany phone: 0049 (0)8161 71 5119; email: Florian.Zormaier@lwf.bayern.de www.holzenergieonline.de, www.lwf.bayern.de