Solarfarming Switzerland/Canada

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1 Solarfarming Switzerland/Canada Conversion of energy from the sun Components of solar systems Steps of solar cell production Types of solar cells and modules Features of solar inverters Photovoltaic, Biogas, Biofuels Best practice examples of Switzerland

2 Conversion of energy from the sun Energy yield [kwh/m 2 * year] Percent of total solar radiation [%] Solar radiation on Canton Thurgau Comestible goods Milk (1.15 litre/m 2, via cow) Potatoes (45 t/hectare) Crop for mast Crop for bread Useful heat Oil, coal, natural gas (formed from biomass) 0.37 Corn for biogasproduction ,37 Biogas from manure (1.4 cattle per hectare) Geothermal (up to 1.6 m) Wood (sustainable use) 1.0 0,1 Solarthermal Saving of 50 % heat in households (180 m 2 )

3 Conversion of energy from the sun Energy yield [kwh/m 2 * year] Percent of total solar radiation [%] Solar radiation on Canton Thurgau Useful electricity Oil, coal, natural gas (formed from biomass) 0.15 Corn for biogasproduction Waterpower (60 million kwh/year, 991 km 2 ) ,01 Wood Photovoltaic Saving of 30 % of electricity in households (180 m 2 ) 7.5 0,71 Fuels Oil, coal, natural gas (formed from biomass) 0.3 Corn for biogasproduction Mileage with gasfueld car (8.5 litre per 100 km) 3.67 km/m 2 * year Rapeseedoil Mileage with plantoil car (6.0 litre per 100 km) Mileage of electrocar (Honda EV+) with electricity from PV (s.a.) 1.33 km/m 2 * year 700 km/m 2 * year

4 Components of solar systems Technological key PV Generator String 1 Solar Cells Solar Inverter components String 2 determining the efficiency of the solar Radiation and Temperature Sensor DC circuit breaker Grid Fuse Power meter Grid system are solar cells and solar inverters. Monitoring PC Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

5 Steps of solar cell production: Wet etching Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

6 Steps of solar cell production: Loading of diffusion oven Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

7 Steps of solar cell production: screen printing Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

8 Solar cell production facility: Sunways Production GmbH, Arnstadt, Germany Start of production in MW per year (expandable to 100) 71 employees Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

9 Solar cells: Most important feature of standard cell is efficiency: 17 % (mono-crystalline) to 15 % (multi-crystalline). Customized cells can be colored (e.g. green) or transparent. Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

10 Solar modules: Standard modules with 160 to 215 W depending on size and type of cell (performance tolerance of ±3 %), aluminum frame profile, highly transparent solar glass Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

11 Solar inverters: Turning DC current of PV Generator to AC for grid. Highest efficiencies of 97 % reached by inverters without transformer. Also important: fast MPP tracking, unit for malfunction alert and control via internet. Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

12 Solar inverters: Efficiency dependent on voltage and power from generator. Low string voltage = good performance Efficiency [%] Sunways NT V V Power [kw] 0,100 0,500 0,750 1,25 1,65 2 2,50 3 3,50 4 4,50 5 Courtesy of Sunways AG, Konstanz, Germany

13 Photovoltaic, Biogas, Biofuels On one square meter of farmland one can grow crop of corn which yields in a biogas plant 1.5 kwh of electricity or one can install one square meter of PV modules which yield 140 to 200 kwh per year (depending on climate conditions; kwh/y for London Ontario). For farmers it may be ideal to combine both sources of renewable energy.

14 Solar + Biofuel kwh/ Year (CH) kwh/ Year canada $/y Total invest $ Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH

15 PV on a Barn 550 m2 75 kwp kwh/ Year Mixed moduls (Bucheli) Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH

16 PV on a barn (mounting, Braun PV) Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH

17 PV as weather protection (Grundler) Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH

18 Inverters with sun protection DC/AC side Lines red,blue and grid fuse And grid to net meter Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH (Solar inverters,bucheli)

19 PV and School 43 kwp Good insulation and heatpump (Zero-Energy- Building Ekkarthof) Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH

20 PV on School 350 (Zero-Energy- m2 Building Ekkarthof) Solarmodule 550 m2 flat roof Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH

21 PV and school (Solar inverters, Zero-Energy- Building Ekkarthof) Böhni Energie und Umwelt GmbH

22 Good engineering and good components for a high performance Solarmoduls stabil performance +/- 3 % + 2 % Same quality in the same String Inverter good DC/AC transformation > 96 % + 3 % Good Inverter engineering DC voltage + 1 % Power max. Solarmodule = Power Max. Inverter +1.5 % Good Air-circulation behind Solarmoduls % Wire dimension is ok % Total benefit of a good engineering % If you built a 100 kwp Solarplant and do you get 9.5 % more power during 20 year, you get: 100 kwp x 1400 kwh/y x 20 y x 0.42 Cents per kwh = Can$ or Can$ = Can$ net benefit

23 Thank You. Böhni Energie & Umwelt GmbH Industriestrasse 23 CH-8500 Frauenfeld Tel: Fax: