Warum gibt es ZERsiedelung? Urban sprawl in Austria Wie viel Energie, Geld kostet sie uns? Reasons? Warum ist das ein Problem? Costs? Wie können wir gegensteuern? Countermeasures?
Urban sprawl in Austria: Settlement is increasing Population Settlement area per person Source:
Warum gibt es ZERsiedelung? Question 1: Scattered settlement structures - Wie viel Energie, Geld kostet sie uns? Are we facing a problem when Warum ist das ein Problem? energy prices rise? Wie können wir gegensteuern?
A petrol station in Austria: What a difference two years make
IEA Prognosis for oil prices World Energy Outlook (WEO) editions 1998 to 2010 Graphics: Ludwig Bölkow Systemtechnik
Estimated houshold energy prices* caused by high crude oil price Motor fuel (petrol/diesel avg.) Heating oil extra light Natural gas (Austrian average) Electricity (Austrian average) Price @ 200 $/bbl (150 /bbl) crude oil Price @ 70 $/bbl (52 /bbl) crude oil 2,00 / Liter 1,06 / Liter 1,60 / Liter 0,72 / Liter 10,5 Ct / kwh 6,5 Ct / kwh 26,4 Ct / kwh 18,0 Ct / kwh * including taxes and grid price; time-lags are not considered Source: own calculation
Case studies for 6 typical Austrian households Urban households 2 cases: 1. Single, 60 m 2 flat in a 100 y/o house, gas-heated, 3.000 km/a 2. Couple, 120 m 2 refurb. terraced house, gas-heated, 5.000 km/a Suburbian households 2 cases: 3. 3 persons, 150 m 2 unrefurb. single-family-house, oil-heated, 18.000 km/a 4. Couple, 150 m 2 low-energy house, heat pump, 15.000 km/a Rural households 2 cases: 5. 4 persons, 150 m 2 unref. old house, oil-heated, 30.000 km/a 6. Similar to 5. but wood-heated
Annual additional costs for energy Additional energy costs for households @ 200 $/bbl (150 /bbl) vs. 70 $/bbl (52 /bbl) (without behavioural changes!) 6.000 /a 5.000 /a Mobility Heat Electricity 4.000 /a 3.000 /a 2.000 /a 1.000 /a 0 /a Single, 60 m² flat in a 100 y/o house, gasheated, 3.000 km/a Couple, 120 m² refurb. terraced house, gasheated, 15.000 km/a 3 persons, 150 m² unrefurb. singlefamily-house, oilheated, 18.000 km/a Couple, 150 m² 4 persons, 150 m² low-energy house, unref. old house, heat pump, 15.000 oil-heated, 30.000 km/a km/a 4 persons, 150 m² unref. old house, wood-heated, 30.000 km/a Source: own illustration
Warum gibt es ZERsiedelung? Question 2: Wie viel Energie, Geld kostet sie uns? How much energy is embedded in residential building? Warum ist das ein Problem? Wie können wir gegensteuern?
Embodied Energy in Construction of Buildings and Infrastructure kwh per 100 m 2 Gross Floor Area, 2010
Embodied Energy in Construction of Buildings and Infrastructure kg CO2 equivalent per 100 m 2 GFA, 2010
Comparing Embodied Energy (Construction, Maintenance) and Operating Energy, kwh per 100 m² GFA Single-Family Home Multi-Storey Building
Increasing Significance of Embodied Energy Proportion of Embodied Energy in Total Energy Demand
Embodied energy calculator www.zersiedelt.at/graue-energie-rechner-wohnbau
Embodied Energy in Residential Buildings in Austria since 1970, GWh Total embodied energy between 1970 and 2010: 440 TWh
Embodied Energy in Residential Buildings in Austria since 1970 t CO2 equivalents Total embodied energy between 1970 and 2010: 85,4 Mt CO2 equivalents
Embodied Energy in comparison to other energy parameters Embodied Energy 2008: 13.095 GWh higher than total gross domestic energy consumption in Vorarlberg (10.611 GWh) Embodied Energy 1970 2010: 440 TWh 4.8 % of energetic end use in Austria 3.5 % of gross domestic energy consumption in Austria CO2-Equivalents 1970 2010: 85,4 million tons exceeding total greenhouse gas emissions in Austria in 2009 (80,1 million tons)
Warum gibt es ZERsiedelung? Question 3: Wie viel Energie, Geld kostet sie uns? How did urban sprawl evolve? Warum ist das ein Problem? Wie können wir gegensteuern?
Drivers of urban sprawl Demand Demographic drivers: Population growth, trend Nachfragebezogene to single-person households, change Antriebskräfte in age structures Economic drivers: growth of household income, economic growth, new industrial locations Living preferences and socio-cultural drivers: suburban life styles the dream of the own home in the outskirts, social segregation, family orientation, social status of home-owning changes, of social values, etc. Supply Spatial planning: Allocat. of building land Housing: Financial support for residential buildings Social infrastructure: schools & child care, medical and health care, care of the elderly, cultural offerings, sports and leisure, etc. Technical Infrastructure: Water & waste water, infrastructure for mobility (roads, lightening, etc.), electricity, gas, waste disposal, data networks, phone, mail, etc. Environmentally Counterproductive Support Measures
Environmentally Counterproductive Support Measures relevant for Urban Sprawl Cheap plots of land Technical Infrastructure New dwellings Classification of building land Expansion of public road infrastructure Expansion of residential water management Residential building support Support for building society savings contracts Mobility Social Infrastructure Support for commuters Milage allowance (Kilometergeld) Obligation for parking space Expansion of kindergartens and schools Expansion of mobile services
Assessment of Environmentally Counterproductive Support Measures 2 1,8. ạ p1,6 ro u E1,4 il. B1,2 in g in 1 d n fu 0,8 lic b u0,6 P 0,4 0,2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Interdependency High priority fields of action Zoning of bulding land Expansion of public road infrastructure Expansion of residential water management Residential building support Support for building society savings contracts Support for commuters Milage allowance (Kilometergeld) Obligation for parking space Expansion of kindergartens and schools Expansion of mobile services
Warum gibt es ZERsiedelung? Question 4: Wie viel Energie, Geld kostet sie uns? Which promising counter-measures can we take? Warum ist das ein Problem? Wie können wir gegensteuern?
Recommendations Urban sprawl: Linking competences for decision-making and financing True-cost-pricing, criteria for sustainability, transparency Strengthening the resilience of communities / regions Embodied Energy in Residential Buildings: Residential building support Considering embodied energy Choosing renovation over new construction Extending operating life of buildings and infrastructure And most important: Reorganising the distribution of competences Strengthening the costs-by-cause principle
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