Research Collection. Peptide-Catalyzed Stereoselective Conjugate Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones to Maleimides.

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Peptide-Catalyzed Stereoselective Conjugate Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones to Maleimides Author(s): Grünenfelder, Claudio E. Publication Date: 2017 Permanent Link: This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH Nr Peptide-Catalyzed Stereoselective Conjugate Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones to Maleimides A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZÜRICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zürich) presented by Claudio E. Grünenfelder Master of Science, ETH Zürich born on citizen of Sargans (SG), Switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Helma Wennemers, examiner Prof. Dr. Erick M. Carreira, co-examiner 2017

3 v Abstract This thesis describes the development of peptidic catalysts for stereoselective conjugate addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones to maleimides. In addition, mechanistic aspects of this conjugate addition were investigated and structural aspects of peptidic catalysts of the general H-DPro-Pro-type were studied. From a collection of tripeptides, H-DPro-Pro-Asn-NH2 was found to catalyze the conjugate addition reaction between aldehydes and unprotected maleimide in a highly stereoselective manner with only 5 mol% of the catalyst required. The obtained products were derivatized to corresponding pyrrolidine, lactam, lactone, and peptide-like compounds by two-step procedures without loss of optical purity. Interestingly, peptide H-DPro-Pro-Asn-NH2 bearing two amide functional groups in the third position, gave significantly higher stereoselectivities and conversions than peptides bearing an acidic moiety. This contrasts with previous findings, where peptides bearing a suitably positioned acidic moiety were found to be optimal for the conjugate addition of aldehydes to β-mono- and α,β-disubstituted nitroolefins. Various aliphatic and functionalized aldehydes, which could potentially lower reactivity or stereoselectivity by hydrogen-bonding to the catalyst, were successfully reacted with maleimide. Initial mechanistic investigations showed that significantly lower conversions were obtained with N-protected maleimides. X-ray crystallographic, computational, and NMR-spectroscopic studies suggested a dual hydrogen bonding interaction between the asparagine side chain of the catalyst and the substrate to be important for the observed high stereoselectivities. In further mechanistic studies non-linear effects were not found, but product inhibition was shown to significantly slow the reaction down. NMR-spectroscopic and mass spectrometric studies revealed an enamine as a highly likely nucleophilic species and a cyclobutane as resting state. In the second part of this thesis, H-Pro-Pro-Asp-NHC12H25 was found to be a highly reactive and selective catalyst for the conjugate addition reaction between aldehydes and C-substituted maleimides. Only 1 5 mol% of the catalyst were necessary in order to obtain the products in good yields and excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. In case of C-substituted maleimides, a suitably positioned acidic moiety in the third position of the peptide was important for obtaining high stereoselectivity. Furthermore, an aliphatic chain at the C-terminus of the peptide improved its solubility in the optimal solvent 1,4-dioxane, which enhanced the catalysts reactivity without affecting stereoselectivity. A range of electron rich and electron poor aromatic substituents were

4 vi tolerated on the maleimide. Strong steric and electronic effects of the maleimide substituents on the reaction rate and stereoselectivity were observed. Together with an X-ray crystal structure of the close analog H-Pro-Pro-Asp-NH2, this allowed for proposing a transition state model explaining the observed stereoselectivity. The synthetic versatility of the obtained succinimide products was demonstrated by derivatization to pyrrolidine, lactone, lactam, and peptide-like compounds. In a third part, the peptide-catalyzed conjugate addition to C-substituted maleimides was extended to acetone as nucleophile. Small structural changes in peptidic catalysts with the general structure H-Pro-Pro-Xaa (Xaa = any amino acid) strongly affected the outcome of the reaction. Peptide H-DPro-Pro-Glu-NH2 was found to promote the conjugate addition reactions between acetone and C-substituted maleimides with excellent regio- and high stereoselectivity. In preliminary studies, a substrate scope with differently substituted maleimides was performed and the X-ray crystal structure of one of the obtained products allowed for the determination of the absolute configuration of both stereogenic centers. Finally, solid state structures of H-DPro-Pro-type peptides were analyzed and compared with each other. The comparison of the solid state structures of peptides H-DPro-Pro-Asp-NH2, TFA H-DPro-Pro-CH(Ph)CH2(p-Me)C6H4, TFA H-DPro-Pro-Asn-NH2, and Ac-DPro-Pro- Asn-NH2 provided insight into the conformational properties and non-bonding interactions of this type of peptide. The findings showed that the H-DPro-Pro-motif preorganizes the peptides even in the absence of intramolecular H-bonds to adopt a β-turn-like conformation. Depending on the C-terminal residue and coordinating moieties, distinctly different related conformations were observed. This suggests that a combination of rigidity and a certain degree of flexibility may be key features for the catalytic efficiency of this type of peptide.

5 vii Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung peptidischer Katalysatoren für stereoselektive konjugierte Additionen von Aldehyden und Ketonen an Maleimide. Mechanistische Aspekte dieser konjugierten Addition von Aldehyden an Maleimid und die Strukturen peptidischer Katalysatoren des allgemeinen Typs H-DPro-Pro wurden untersucht. Aus einer Reihe von Tripeptiden fand man H-DPro-Pro-Asn-NH2, welches die konjugierte Additionsreaktion zwischen Aldehyden und ungeschütztem Maleimid hoch stereoselektiv katalysiert, wobei lediglich 5 mol% des Peptids benötigt werden. Die auf diesem Weg erhaltenen Produkte wurden mittels zwei-schritt Verfahren ohne Verlust an optischer Reinheit zu den entsprechenden Pyrrolidin-, Lactam-, Lacton- und Peptid-ähnlichen Verbindungen derivatisiert. Interessanterweise erhielt man mit dem Peptid H-DPro-Pro-Asn-NH2, welches zwei Amidgruppen an der dritten Position hat, signifikant höhere Selektivitäten und Umsätze, als mit Peptiden, welche eine saure funktionelle Gruppe enthalten. Im Gegensatz dazu war bei früher entwickelten peptidischen Katalysatoren für die konjugierte Addition von Aldehyden an β-mono- and α,β-disubstituierte Nitroolefine eine passend positionierte saure funktionelle Gruppe wichtig für Reaktivität und Selektivität. Unterschiedliche aliphatische und funktionalisierte Aldehyde, welche die Reaktivität oder Stereoselektivität durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindung an den Katalysator herabsetzen könnten, konnten erforlgreich mit Maleimid umgesetzt werden. Erste mechanistische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass N-geschützte Maleimide signifikant tiefere Umsätze ergeben. Kristallografische, rechnergestützte, und NMR-spektroskopische Studien legten nahe, dass eine doppelte Wasserstoffbrückenwechselwirkung zwischen Substrat und Peptid wichtig für die beobachteten Selektivitäten ist. In weiterführenden mechanistischen Studien wurde kein nicht-linearer Effekte gefunden, allerdings konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Reaktion durch Produktinhibition verlangsamt wird. Mittels NMR-spektroskopischer und massenspektrometrischer Studien wurden ein Enamin als sehr wahrscheinliche nukleophile Spezies und ein Cyclobutan als stabiles Intermediat identifiziert. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit fand man, dass H-Pro-Pro-Asp-NHC12H25 ein sehr reaktiver und selektiver Katalysator für konjugierte Additionsreaktionen zwischen Aldehyden und C-substituierten Maleimiden ist. Lediglich 1 5 mol% des Katalysators waren nötig, um die Produkte in hohen Ausbeuten und mit sehr guter Regio- und Stereoselektivität zu erhalten. Bei

6 viii substituierten Maleimiden hat sich herausgestellt, dass eine günstig positionierte saure funktionelle Gruppe an der dritten Position des Peptids wichtig für das Erreichen hoher Stereoselektivitäten ist. Ausserdem verbessert eine aliphatische Kette am C-Terminus des Peptids die Löslichkeit im optimalen Lösungsmittel 1,4-Dioxan, was die Reaktivität des Katalysators erhöht ohne die Stereoselektivität zu beeinträchtigen. Eine Reihe elektronenreicher und elektronenarmer aromatischer Substituenten am Maleimid wurden toleriert. Es wurde ein ausgeprägter sterischer und elektronischer Effekt des Maleimidsubstituenten auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit die Stereoselektivität beobachtet. Zusammen mit einer Röntgenkristallstruktur des nahe verwandten Peptids H-Pro-Pro-Asp-NH2, konnte dadurch ein Modell für den Übergangszustand postuliert werden, welches die beobachtete Stereoselektivität erklärt. Die synthetische Vielseitigkeit der erhaltenen Succinimid-Produkte wurde durch einfache Derivatisierung in die entsprechenden Pyrrolidin-, Lacton-, Lactam-, und Peptid-ähnlichen Verbindungen gezeigt. Im dritten Teil wurde die konjugierte Addition an C-substituierte Maleimide auf Aceton als Nukleophil ausgeweitet. Kleine strukturelle Veränderungen in peptidischen Katalysatoren der allgemeinen Struktur H-Pro-Pro-Xaa (Xaa = beliebige Aminosäure) hatten einen starken Einfluss auf die Reaktion. Man fand, dass das Peptid H-DPro-Pro-Glu-NH2 die konjugierte Addition zwischen Aceton und C-substituierten Maleimiden mit exzellenter Regio- und sehr hoher Stereoselektivität katalysiert. Ein vorläufiges Substratspektrum mit unterschiedlich substitutierten Maleimiden wurde erstellt und die Kristallstruktur eines der Produkte erlaubte die Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration beider stereogener Zentren. Schliesslich wurden Kristallstrukturen von Peptiden des H-DPro-Pro-Typs analysiert und miteinander verglichen. Der Vergleich der Festkörperstrukturen der Peptide H-DPro-Pro-Asp- NH2, TFA H-DPro-Pro-CH(Ph)CH2(p-Me)C6H4, TFA H-DPro-Pro-Asn-NH2 und Ac-DPro- Pro-Asn-NH2 gab Einblick in die konformationellen Eigenschaften und nichtbindenden Wechselwirkungen dieses Peptidtyps. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse verdeutlichen, dass das H-DPro-Pro-Motif die Peptide auch bei Abwesenheit von intramolekularen Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen in einer β-schleifenartigen Konformation stabilisiert. Abhängig vom C-terminalen Rest und koordinierenden Gruppen, wurden unterschiedliche aber dennoch verwandte Konformationen beobachtet. Dies legt nahe, dass eine Kombination aus Rigidität und Flexibilität Schlüsseleigenschaften für die katalytische Effizenz dieses Peptidtyps ist.

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