Effects of reactive nitrogen in Europe

Transkript

1 Effects of reactive nitrogen in Europe Ralf Kiese, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 1 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

2 Effects of reactive nitrogen in Europe Ralf Kiese, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Outline Background information on N cycling and human pertubation Work of IMK-IFU combined with results of NitroEurope IP Summary 2 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

3 Globale N-Cycle 3 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 Nitrogen, food/feed production and population growth Erisman et al. 2008, Nature Geosciences 8 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

9 Global Nitrogen-Fixation 250 Natural N Fixation Crop-N-Fixation NOx-Combustion Synthetic Fertilizer N 200 N-fixation [Tg N year -1 ] Mosier et al., 2001, Biogeochemistry, 52: year 9 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

10 N cycle NH3 Atmospheric N-deposition N-Fertilization Plant litter production volatilization Plant N Atmospheric N-deposition N-Fertilization Plant N-uptake N 2 O Organic matter Ammonificatin NH + 4 NO - Nitrification 3 Denitrification N 2 NO Death of microbes microbial N-immobilisation mikrobial biomass NO leaching N 2 -fixation 10 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

11 The Global Nitrogen Budget in 1860, TgN/yr Butterbach-Bahl et al

12 The Global Nitrogen Budget in 1995, TgN/yr Butterbach-Bahl et al

13 The European Nitrogen Budget in 1900 and 2000, TgN/yr ENA,

14 Nitrogen Cycle / Nitrogen cascade ENA, Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

15 Five key social treats of excess reactive nitrogen ENA,

16 Nitrogen Cycle / Nitrogen cascade ENA, Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

17 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales Exploration in space Process studies Field Measurements Parametrization Validation Modelling Landscape- DNDC Upscaling GIS Regional Simulations Uncertainty analysis + Coupled hydrological model Site simulations Exploration in time 17 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

18 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of GHGs ENA,

19 Motivation CO 2 TODO Anstieg THG CH 4 N 2 O 19 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

20 Motivation World Research Institute,

21 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales Field Measurements 21

22 Measuring Principals of GHG fluxes: 1.) chamber measurements 2.) Micrometeorolgy 22

23 Höglwald, spruce forest, Germany TODO Bild Umland Hw N2O-Emission [µg N m-2 h-1] clearcut control clearcut Jun 1 Dec Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu 1 Jun Dec 1 Jun 1 Dec Jun Dec

24 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales Process studies Field Measurements 24

25 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales crop rotation, N-uptake climate NO N 2 O NO N 2 O NH 4 + NH 4 + -NH 2 OH-NO 2 - -NO 3 - Nitrifikation NO 3 - NO 3 - -NO 2 - -NO-N 2 O-N 2 Denitrifikation Umweltbedingungen - Temp, Feuchte - O 2 -Verfügbarkeit - ph N-fertilizer, BNF, N-deposition management, soil charakteristics Modified after Davidson, R. Kiese IMK-IFU

26 Process studies by use of stable isotopes 15N/14N 15Nnatural abundance in soil-npools = c. 0,363 Atom% 30% 15 N Nitrification NH + 4 NO N/ 14 N decreases Nitr = ( NO 3 - t NO 3 - t2 ) (t 2 - t 1 ) * log( 15 NO 3 - t1 * NO 3 - t2 / 15 NO 3 - t2 * NO 3 - t1 ) log( NO 3 - t1 / NO 3 - t2 ) (Kirkham+Bartholomew 1954)

27 Process studies by use of stable isotopes 15N/14N 27

28 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales Process studies Parametrization Modelling Landscape- DNDC Field Measurements Validation 28

29 Modell approaches EF Approach: IPCC n2o = Nfert * 0.01 Stochastic model types: regression models n2o = f (fert, temp, rainf) neuralt networks n2o = f (fert, temp, rainf, xi xz) increase in complexity input information model parameters but also Numeric model types: applicability in space and time describing all relevant ecosystem processes (e.g. nutrient uptake, mineralisation, nitrification, denitrification ) 29 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

30 State of the art N 2 O emissions Are fixed emission factors (1% IPCC, 2006) good enough? EF variation in Germany % Mean = 3.0%; Median 1.8% Jungkunst et al., 2006, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 30 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

31 Mechanistic ecosystem models Century, DayCent ExpertN CERES-BGC Coup-Model DNDC LandscapeDNDC Ecosys Orchidee LPJ-Model 31

32 Model development at IMK-IFU PnET-N-DNDC DNDC model University of New Hampshire Forest-DNDC model IMK-IFU Garmisch- Partenkirchen arable land grassland forest Landscape-DNDC +regional mode 32

33 Structure of LandscapeDNDC LandscapeDNDC Mobile-DNDC TODO Animiert und plant growth allgemein 33

34 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales Process studies Parametrization Modelling Landscape- DNDC Field Measurements Validation Site simulations 34

35 Gebesee arable field: biomass developement biomass [kg DM m -2 ] tot meas grain sim leaves sim stem sim root sim tot sim Meas = 0.92 * sim; r² = Sep 20 Mar 20 Sep 20 Mar 20 Sep 20 Mar 20 Sep 20 Mar sugar beat wi-wheat wi-wheat Messdaten Freibauer et al. vti

36 Gebesee: soil environmental conditons water content measured simulated soil temperature measured simulated Water content [vol%] soil temperature [ C] Meas 10 = 1.02 * sim; r² = 0.52 Meas 20 = 1.00 * sim; r² = 0.53 Meas 30 = 0.98 * sim; r² = Meas 10 = 1.06 * sim; r² = 0.93 Meas 30 = 1.05 * sim; r² = NO 3 concentration[kg N in 10cm soil] simulation measured fertilizer application 120 NO 3 NH 4 NH 4 concentration [kg N in 10cm soil] simulated measured fertilizer applications Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu Measured data Freibauer et al. vti

37 Gebesee: N 2 O Emission N 2 O emission [µg N m -2 h -1 ] manual chamber auto chamber simulation sim low sim high N 2 O Range : 1-3 kg Nha -1 yr Sep 20 Mar 20 Sep 20 Mar 20 Sep 20 Mar 20 Sep 20 Mar 2006 Messdaten Freibauer et al. vti Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

38 Haean, Korea: N 2 O Emission N 2 O Emission [µg N m -2 h -1 ] n2o measured 50kg N n2o simulated 50kg N n2o simulated 250kg N Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 38 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

39 Hean, Korea: N fluxes with different N fertililzation , , ,86 27,72 22,28 input no3 n2o n2 nh3 Mean seepage water concentration 30 mg l NO 3 57 mg l NO 3 2,54 42,3 35,35 39 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

40 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales Process studies Parametrization Modelling Landscape- DNDC Upscaling GIS Regional Simulations Field Measurements Validation Site simulations 40

41 Regional Application Approach TODO ev. auch andere Vegetation 2D Graph Climate Y Data Temp NS Y Axis X Data Soil Administrative Units Nutzung DNDC- Feldfrucht organische Anbaufläche Summe [m 3 ] Klassifikation Wirtschaftsdünger [ha] [m 3 ha -1 ] Ackerland winter wheat Winterweizen 10, , ,66 rye Roggen 15, , ,08 barley Wintergerste 15, , ,15 rape Winterraps 0, ,4 0,00 barley Sommergerste 10, , ,76 oats Hafer 10, , ,44 corn Körnermais, Corn- 15, , ,01 Cob-Mix, Silomais potatoes Kartoffeln früh, 15, , ,61 mittelfrühe und späte beets Zuckerrüben, 0, ,3 0,00 Runkelrüben legume hay Klee, Kleegras, 15, , ,74 Luzerne, Futtererbsen pasture Ackerwiese, 10, , ,33 Ackerweide vegetables Gemüse, Erdbeeren 0, ,6 0,00 und andere Gartengewächse Grünland grasland Grasland 10, , ,61 pasture Weide 10, , ,64 non-legume hay Wiese, Mähwiese 15, , ,77 Summe , ,80 LandscapeDNDC Regional NO and N 2 O emission inventories 41 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

42 N 2 O Emission Arable soils Germany fertilizer induced N 2 O emissions (%) 42 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

43 Nitrate leaching in German forest ecosystems >64 kg N ha -1 yr >25 kg N ha-1 yr Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

44 Mean nitrate concentrations in seepage water Mean nitrate conc. in seepage water below rooting zone of forest ecosystems in Germany (2000) 3.5 mg/l NO3-N = 25 mg NO3/l (TVO CH) 7.0 mg/l NO3-N = 50 mg NO3/l (TVO D) >0.5 mg/l NO3-N Nährstoffungleichgewichte Situation in Europa >10.0 mg NO 3 -N l Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

45 N-Deposition and Biodiversity BERN model (ÖKODATA) 80 Cephalanthero-Fagetum (typ. Subass.) harmonious site gradient base saturation [%] disharmonious site gradients Cephalanthero-Fagetum (Carex-Subass.) Asperulo-Fagetum Luzulo-Fagetum Vaccinio myrtilli-fagetum Vaccinio myrtilli-pinetum sylvaticae 20 Reduction of vitality and functionality C/N - ratio []

46 Research Interests of IMK-IFU Linking methods bridging scales Process studies Field Measurements Parametrization Validation Modelling Landscape- DNDC Upscaling GIS Regional Simulations + Coupled hydrological model Site simulations 46 Ralf.Kiese@kit.edu

47 Work in progess regional scale ecosystem model 47

48 Work in progess regional scale ecosystem model Landscape-DNDC Hydrologie Biogeochemie

49 Regional scale ecosystem model first results a) Iinitial conditions b) Fertilizer application virtual hill slope with 15 grid cells c) Transition d) End of simulation Legend: grassland Biomass agriculture cum. N 2 O Emission fertilization 240 kg N / ha / a nitrate transport CMF Landscape-DNDC CMF Landscape-DNDC

50 Five key social treats of excess reactive nitrogen ENA,

51 Gesellschaftliche Kosten verursacht von Umweltprobleme aus reaktiven Stickstoff- Emissionen EU-27

52 Gesellschaftliche Kosten verursacht von Umweltprobleme aus reaktiven Stickstoff- Emissionen EU-27 Kosten Stickstoffdünger 1kg ca. 2

53 Zusammenfassung

54 Stickstoffbilanz globaler Landwirtschaft - Stickstoffeffizienz N-input Tg N Products Tg N Fertilizer 74 Animal 12 N-fixation 50 Crops 40 Feeds 10 Unaccounted 10 Total losses 88 Steigerung der N-Effizienz Änderung der Nahrungsgewohnheiten -54- (Van der Hoek,, 1998, Environ. Pollut., 102: ) N Effizienz von ca. 40%

55 Zusammenfassung Part A - Nitrogen in Europe: the present position Part B - Nitrogen processing in the biosphere Part C - Dispersion, budgets and impacts of nitrogen on different scales Part D - Managing nitrogen in relation to key societal issues Part E - European nitrogen policies and future challenges

56 Thank you for your attention