Measures to increase renewable energy penetration in grids by integration of storage

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1 Measures to increase renewable energy penetration in grids by integration of storage Georg Bopp, Alexander Schies Fraunhofer ISE 9. May 217 Praia, Cape Verde

2 AGENDA Fraunhofer ISE Motivation Conditions for a stable grid Measures to increase renewables Simulation results Low load diesel systems Battery integration Energy system analysis Conclusion Diesel and PV power plant at Palamrejo, Praia, Santiago, Cape Verde 2

3 Fraunhofer ISE At a Glance Photovoltaics Solar Thermal Technology Fraunhofer ISE Directors (acting): Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Henning Dr. Andreas Bett Staff: ca Budget 216: 81.1 million (preliminary) Established: 1981 Building Energy Technology Hydrogen Technologies Energy System Technology 3

4 Activities for Autonomous Systems and Mini Grids Pico-PV, Solar Home Systems, PV Hybrid Systems, PV Diesel Grids System Design, Optimisation and Evaluation Development of Components, Energy Management Systems, Battery Management Systems, Operating Strategies Simulation studies and analysis Demonstration Projects System Monitoring and Quality Assurance Training of the planning, installation, operation and maintenance staff Contact: Georg Bopp, 49/

5 Motivation Political goal of Cape Verde is to achieve 1 % renewable energy penetration in the future for the electricity sector Current situation Sometimes not all available wind energy can be used because a diesel generator needs a minimum load of 3 5 % What is technical necessary to increase the renewable penetration? 5 Island Diesel capacity [MW] Wind capacity [MW] Wind production [MWh/y] Santiago S. Vicente Sal Boa Vista Total Renewable penetration [%]

6 Conditions for a stable grid Generation and load must be in balance at each moment PV, wind and load fluctuate stochastically and can be limited controlled In standard systems the control system of the diesel generator do the balancing Most diesel generators need a minimum load of 3-5% to avoid sooting 6

7 Power Power 7 PV (wind) integration in diesel grids Peak power of PV equal in comparison to load and diesel peak power Avoid low load operation by Dump loads Storage systems Low load diesel generators Fuel save controller, which reduce PV/inverter power At least one diesel engine has to be on all time to build the grid Inverter Diesel low load Diesel generator Load 3% minimum load PV Power into diesel Consider grid stability by enough diesel power which can compensate PV blackout by a cloud => Spinning reserve Time Time

8 Measures to increase renewable penetration in diesel grids System simulation by using a genetic algorithm to minimize diesel consumption and maximize renewable penetration 8

9 Used Simulation environment 9 Fraunhofer ISE MATLAB model PV model Diesel model Optimal start stop Load dispatch model Fuel save controller Battery model Open source Alternative ASIM von Power Water Corporation (Australien) OfaNumber/Asim/releases Commercial Alternative Homer

10 Example of a mine in Johannesburg Load: 52 GWh/a Peak load: 6,9 MW Mean load: 6 MW Diesel: 4* 225 kw 1

11 Low load diesel simulation Overrun mode means: The diesel injection is switched off, the generator works as motor and propels the diesel engine. Same as a car drives a hill down without accelerator Only one diesel generator manufacturer known which have implemented a overrun mode: Danvest, Denmark Overrun mode Low load operation 11

12 Fuel savings in % Low load diesel simulation Overrun Mode % Load Factor 1% Load Factor 2% Load Factor 3% Load Factor PV power in % of peak load 6.9 MW 12

13 Fuel savings in % Battery integration % Load Factor Battery for Spinning Reserve Battery with Grid Building Ability Shot Term Prognosis PV power in % of peak load 6.9 MW 13

14 Battery integration Egypt industry Load: 112 MWH Peak load: 42 kw Diesel: 1) 35 kw 2) 12 kw 14

15 Battery integration Egypt industry Egypt industry case In this case study We are just: Using battery as a spinning reserve role and HENCE : we could use much higher PV power and turn some diesel gensets off according to the load. 15

16 Estimation of proper PV, wind, diesel and storage size by energy system analysis Fraunhofer ISE has developed a Renewable Energy Model for Germany (REMod-D) which can be adopted to Cape Verde All energy end-use sectors included Focus on electricity / heat Hourly modeling Goal: Develop a costoptimized transformation strategy to reach goal of reducing carbon emissions by 8 % and beyond Electricity Generation, Storage and End-Use Mobility (battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell, conventional) Heat (buildings,heating networks and storage) Fuels (incl. biomass and Powerto-Gas / Fuel) Processes in Industry and Tertiary Sector The University of Applied Sciences Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Germany has done a simpler analysis for Cape Verde only for the electricity sector 16

17 Fraunhofer ISE Electricity generation erneuerbare Energien primäre Stromerzeugung fossil-nukleare Energien PV Wind On Wind Off Wasserkraft Atom-KW Steink.-KW Braunk.-KW Öl-KW 147 GW 12 GW 32 GW 5 GW GW 7 GW 3 GW GW Elektrolyse 33 GWel H2-Speicher Batterien 4 9 Pump-Sp-KW 7 24 GWh 6 GWh Biomasse Sabatier Methan-Sp.. GWgas 23 Brennstoffe 394 Erdgas Treibstoff Verkehr Photovoltaics 147 GW el 6 Gasturbine 1 GW GuD-KW 3 GW 3 Onshore Wind KWK-GuD GWel 2 W-Speicher 173 GWh WP zentral GWth 4 Gebäude 59 Solarthermie 13 2 GWth Wärmenetze mit GuD-KWK Strombedarf gesamt (ohne Strom für Wärme und MIV) GW ungenutzter Strom (Abregelung) 3 4 el 26 KWK-BHKW GWel Solarthermie 6 3 W-Speicher 15 W-Speicher 7 GWth 27 GWh Verkehr (ohne 173 GWh 5 Schienenverkehr/Strom) 8 WP zentral Wasserstoff-basierter Verkehr 7 GWth Gas-WP Gebäude 82 Traktion Gebäude 15 GWth 41 H2-Bedarf Batterie-basierter Verkehr Solarthermie 13 Einzelgebäude mit Gas-Wärmepumpe Traktion GWth Wärmenetze mit Strombedarf 55 BHKW-KWK Brennstoff-basierter Verkehr 4 22 Traktion 55 Brennstoffe 22 el. WP Sole W-Speicher Traktion gesamt GWth 13 GWh % Wert 21 1 % Medium and large size CHP Mini-BHKW 23 4 W-Speicher 6 GWel 46 GWh Solarthermie 8 45 Gebäude Brennstoff-basierte Prozesse in 4 (connected to district heating) 9 GWth 6 Industrie und Gewerbe gesamt 445 Solarthermie 3 22 Gebäude Einzelgebäude mit Sole-Wärmepumpe 6 GW 42 Solarthermie 25 4 GWth 26 el Brennstoffe 42 Einzelgebäude mit Mini-BHKW 4 6 Wärmebedarf gesamt 388 el. WP Luft W-Speicher Solarthermie 12 6 W-Speicher Raumheizung Warmwasser ungenutzt 19 GWth 87 GWh 14 GWth 56 GWh Solarthermie 7 39 Gebäude 73 Gaskessel Gebäude.6 Geothermie 6 Gebäude 8 GWth 5 32 GWth 86 2 GWth Offshore Wind 32 GW el 4 Einzelgebäude mit Luft-Wärmepumpe Einzelgebäude mit Gaskessel Wärmenetze mit Tiefen-Geothermie 17

18 Fraunhofer ISE Storage erneuerbare Energien primäre Stromerzeugung fossil-nukleare Energien PV Wind On Wind Off Wasserkraft Atom-KW Steink.-KW Braunk.-KW Öl-KW 147 GW 12 GW 32 GW 5 GW GW 7 GW 3 GW GW Batterien 4 9 Pump-Sp-KW 7 24 GWh 6 GWh 13 Brennstoffe 394 Erdgas Stationary batteries Elektrolyse 33 GWel Biomasse Total 24 GWh 82 H2-Speicher (e.g. 8 Mio Treibstoff 22 Verkehr units with 3 kwh each) Sabatier Methan-Sp.. GWgas 6 Gasturbine 1 GW GuD-KW 3 GW 3 6 KWK-GuD 27 Pumped storage 35 GWel 2 W-Speicher 173 GWh 7 WP zentral 2 2 power plants 7 GWth 4 Gebäude 59 Solarthermie units 2 GWth withwärmenetze a mit GuD-KWK Strombedarf gesamt (ohne Strom für Wärme und MIV) ungenutzter Strom (Abregelung) KWK-BHKW GWel Solarthermie 6 3 W-Speicher 15 W-Speicher 7 GWth 27 GWh Verkehr (ohne 173 GWh 5 Schienenverkehr/Strom) 8 WP zentral Wasserstoff-basierter Verkehr 7 GWth 23 Gas-WP Gebäude 82 Traktion Gebäude 15 GWth 41 Electrolysers H2-Bedarf 82with total 59 Batterie-basierter Verkehr Solarthermie 13 Einzelgebäude mit Gas-Wärmepumpe Wärmenetze mit capacity GWth Strombedarf of 33 GW 55 el BHKW-KWK 4 Brennstoff-basierter Verkehr (needed Brennstoffe for mobility) el. WP Sole W-Speicher Traktion gesamt GWth 13 GWh % Wert 21 1 % Mini-BHKW 23 4 W-Speicher 6 GWel 46 GWh Solarthermie 8 45 Gebäude Brennstoff-basierte Prozesse in 4 9 GWth 6 Industrie und Gewerbe gesamt 445 Solarthermie 3 22 Gebäude Einzelgebäude mit Sole-Wärmepumpe 42 Solarthermie 25 4 GWth 26 Brennstoffe 42 Large scale heat storage Einzelgebäude mit Mini-BHKW in 4 6 Wärmebedarf gesamt 388 Heat buffers 14 el. WP Luft in 43 buildings 11 W-Speicher Solarthermie district 12 6 W-Speicher heating Raumheizung systems Warmwasser ungenutzt 19 GWth 87 GWh 14 GWth 56 GWh Solarthermie 7 39 Gebäude 73 Gaskessel 71 Gebäude Geothermie 6 Gebäude Total 32 GWh 8 GWth (e.g. 5 7 Mio 32 Total GWth GWh 2 GWth (e.g Einzelgebäude mit Luft-Wärmepumpe units with 8 Litres each) Einzelgebäude mit Gaskessel Wärmenetze mit Tiefen-Geothermie 18 4 total of 6 GWh units with 5. m³ each) 18

19 Simulations show German climate targets are reachable primary energy () CO 2 emissions (Mt) total costs (billion p.a.) M&O, invest, taxes, fees, profits -5% -81% Taxes, fees, profits M&O, invest 1) fossil *Assumed doubling of fossil fuel prices by 25 19

20 Conclusions 8 1% Renewable Energy RE penetration for Cape Verde is possible, the following steps are suggested 2 Install a control system for all diesel, wind, PV generators which do an optimized dispatch regime to maximize the RE penetration. => alternative jobs for the present staff which are doing this manually must be found Include flexible loads like water desalination into the dispatch regime Install or modify one diesel genset for low load operation or install one small battery (Li-Ion) with an inverter with synchronous behavior for spinning reserve To find a proper size for PV, wind, diesel and storage do an energy system analysis for each island and/or use/validate the results of existing analysis. Environmental Campus Birkenfeld? A proper storage technology for short time is Li-Ion, pumped hydro with sea water or Redox flow for medium time Start quickly at one island Install autonomous PV hybrid systems at villages which are far away from the grid

21 Thank you for your attention! Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE 21