Status Report of Vitis germplasm in GERMANY Erika Maul, Joachim Schmid, Ernst Rühl, Bernd Hill, Joachim Eder, Volker Jörger, Rudolf Becher, Josef Engelhard, Hermann Kolesch, Reinhard Töpfer 1. Importance of the Viticulture in the country Over the past years the area cultivated by grapevine in Germany ranged around 100.000 ha. In 2011, the grapevine area was 102.096 ha. 2. Collections or germplasm banks for Vitis The Deutsche Genbank Reben (http://www.deutsche-genbank-reben.jki.bund.de) was founded in 2010. For all accessions registered access is facilitated under the Multilateral System of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture using a Standard Material Transfer Agreement. The summarized inventory of German national collections, according to the requested criteria is shown in table 1. Table 1: Inventory of German national grapevine collections. Institution Julius Kühn-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen (JKI) Institut für Rebenzüchtung Geilweilerhof 76833 Siebeldingen Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz Abteilung Weinbau 67435 Neustadt-Mußbach WIEWS_I nstitute_ Code No of accessions Vitis vinifera Interspecific crossing Vitis species Vitis species not defined DEU098 3066 1092 1642 226 116 DEU363 238 221 14 3 Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim DEU454 316 271 26 15 4 Fachgebiet Rebenzüchtung und Rebenveredlung 65366 Geisenheim Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg DEU455 82 82 Abteilung Weinbau 79100 Freiburg Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Wein- und Obstbau Referat Rebenzüchtung und Rebenveredlung 74189 Weinsberg Bayerische Landesanstalt für Weinbau und Gartenbau An der Steige 15 97209 Veitshöchheim DEU456 670 537 98 33 2 DEU457 42 40 2 Bundessortenamt DEU616 8 8 Prüfstelle Haßloch 67454 Haßloch 1
3. Status of characterization of the collections Characterization encompasses distinct categories: Description according to the OIV descriptor list (e.g. morphology, phenology). DEU098: 938 accessions described by 18 descriptors Evaluation of breeding characteristics (e.g. resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors). DEU098: almost all interspecific crossings (1642 accessions) evaluated on resistance against Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola. 4. References of germplasm collections or databases in internet Accessions of all German collections can be found via Deutsche Genbank Reben (http://www.deutsche-genbank-reben.jki.bund.de) and via Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC - www.vivc.de). The inventory of the National Collection of the Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof is found also in the European Vitis Database (www.eu-vitis.de). 5. Main varieties in the country In 2010, 80% of the vineyards were planted with 12 cultivars (ranked from the most to the least important): White Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Pinot Noir, Dornfelder, Green Silvaner, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc, Blue Portugieser, Kerner, Schiava Grossa, Pinot Meunier and Regent. 6. Table grapes In Germany no significant table grape production exists. 7. Selection or breeding programmes in course With respect to Institut für Rebenzüchtung Geilweilerhof (DEU098), Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg (DEU455) and Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Wein- und Obstbau Weinsberg (DEU456) breeding programs focus on fungus disease resistance, mainly to Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola. Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim s objective is to develop calcareous and phylloxera tolerant rootstock varieties. 8. Clonal selection status Currently clonal selection is carried out by 7 state institutions (9 different stations) and by 7 private breeders action groups encompassing 29 participants. Number of private breeders involved in clonal selection decreased severely in the last two decades, because high exigencies on phytosanitary status of the propagating material resulted in too high costs. 9. Catalogue or reliable publication with a list of the confirmed synonymies Confirmed synonymies of the registered cultivars can be found in the German national catalogue and in www.eu-vitis.de Varieties registered in Europe. Further synonyms and those of old autochthonous cultivars exist in VIVC.. 10. List of endangered cultivars Endangered cultivars are listed in table 2. 2
Table 2: List of endangered cultivars in Germany. (In bold: cultivars existing in repositories only). Cultivar Primename Berry color Accession number Adelfränkisch B Adelfraenkisch B DEU098-2010-087 CHE 23324 Affenthaler N AFFENTHALER N DEU098-1992-074 DEU 79 3 country of origin VIVC code no Aspirant B Aspirant B DEU098-1992-087 GRC 699 Augster Blau N Augster Blau N DEU098-1980-134 AUT 765 Augster Gelb B Augster Gelb B DEU098-1980-135 DEU 766 Augster Weiss B Augster Weiss B DEU098-1980-136 DEU 767 Batttraube N Batttraube N DEU098-1998-100 AUT 1041 Beerheller RS Beerheller RS DEU098-1998-136 1084 Bettlertraube N Bettlertraube N Bukettrebe B BUKETTREBE B DEU098-1994-003 DEU 1611 Elbling Blau N Elbling Blau N DEU098-2005-068 DEU 12651 Elbling Rot RG Elbling Rot RG DEU098-1997-065 DEU 3863 Elbling Schwarz N Elbling Schwarz N DEU098-1980-736 DEU 3864 Fischtraube B Fischtraube B DEU098-1993-298 4137 Fitzrebe B Fitzrebe B DEU098-1990-027 DEU 14882 Früher Blauer Ungar N Olasz Korai N DEU098-1980-371 HUN 8739 Frühtraube Froehlich B Fruehtraube Froehlich B DEU098-2002-007 DEU 20545 Fürstentraube B Fuerstentraube B DEU098-2010-047 DEU 4283 Fütterer B Fuetterer B Gänsfüsser N Argant N DEU098-1992-075 ESP 586 Gelbhoelzer Blau N Gelbhoelzer Blau N DEU098-1993-299 DEU 16158 Haengling Blau N Haengling Blau N DEU098-1980-217 DEU 5253 Hans RG Hans RG DEU098-1993-301 DEU 5286 Heunisch Blau N Heunisch Blau N DEU098-1990-082 AUT 5370 Heunisch Dreifarbig RG Heunisch Dreifarbig RG DEU098-2007-018 41212 Heunisch Rot RG Heunisch Rot RG DEU098-1997-014 AUT 5372 Heunisch Rotgestreift B Pekasore B DEU098-1990-142 9095 Heunisch Schwarz N HOHMANN 21/23/24/96 N DEU098-2001-109 41097 Heunisch Weiss B Heunisch Weiss B DEU098-2005-015 AUT 5374 Lamberttraube B Lamberttraube B DEU098-1990-004 DEU 6687 Malingre Precoce B Malingre Precoce B DEU098-1980-252 FRA 7249 Malvasier Früher Roter RG Veltliner Fruehrot RG DEU098-1980-711 ITA 16157 Ofner Weiss B Ofner B DEU098-1998-098 DEU 8714 Olber Weiss B Olber B DEU098-1993-309 FRA 8740 Orleans Gelb B Orleans Gelb B DEU098-2005-075 FRA 8805 Ortlieber B Knipperle B DEU098-2007-106 FRA 6312 Putzscheere B Putzscheere B DEU098-2005-086 HUN 9830 Raeuschling Weiss B Raeuschling Weiss B DEU098-1980-308 CHE 9874 Riesling Blau N Riesling Blau N DEU098-2010-007 DEU 10074 Riesling Rot RG Riesling Rot RG DEU098-1980-082 DEU 10076
Rohrtaube Blaurot N ROHRTRAUBE BLAUROT N DEU098-1993-317 DEU 10162 Seidentraube Gelb B Luglienga Bianca B DEU098-1980-744 ITA 6982 Seidentraube Grün B Agostenga B DEU098-1997-048 ITA 107 Silvaner Blau N Silvaner Blau N DEU098-1992-066 AUT 11804 Silvaner Rot RG Silvaner Rot RG DEU098-1980-063 AUT 11807 Tauberschwarz N Tauberschwarz N DEU098-1997-034 DEU 16156 Urban Blau N Urban Blau N DEU098-1980-360 DEU 12780 Urban Rot RG Urban Rot RG DEU098-2000-024 DEU 12781 Vogelfränkische B Vogelfraenkische B Vogeltraube N Vogeltraube N Zimmettraube Blau N Zimmettraube Blau N DEU098-2010-151 AUT 17807 in bold: cultivars existing in repositories only 11. Main international varieties cultivated They are listed in table 3. Table 3: List of international cultivars in Germany. Cultivar ha Riesling Weiss B 22.636 Müller-Thurgau B 13.374 Pinot Noir N 11.756 Silvaner green B 5.185 Pinot gris G 4.859 Pinot blanc B 4.280 Portugieser N 3.966 Schiava Grossa N 2.378 Pinot Meunier N 2.198 Blaufränkisch N 1.775 Chardonnay B 1.388 Chasselas Blanc B 1.145 Traminer RG 870 Sauvignon blanc B 650 Merlot N 521 12. Main rootstocks used. List of rootstocks recommended Listed in table 4. Table 4: Main rootstocks for grapevines in Germany. Rootstock cultivar 101-14 Millardet et de Grasset 110 Richter 161-49 Couderc 420 A Millardet et de Grasset 4
5 C Geisenheim Berl. x Rip. Kober 125 AA Berl. x Rip. Kober 5 BB Binova Börner Cina Rici Rip. x Rup. 3309 Couderc Selektion Oppenheim Sori Teleki 8 in bold: main rootstock cultivars 13. Use of microsatellites in characterization It is intended to apply SSR-markers for identification of cultivars existing in German grapevine collections. Twenty too markers shall be analysed, from which 9 are those of the GrapeGen06 project: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79. 14. Sanitary status of the propagated material All propagated material has to be tested as virus free. 15. Main reference publications related to Vitis varieties or clones See the publications at the end of this chapter. 16. Existence of old vineyards A survey carried out in 2007 identified around 3.369 owners of vineyards planted before 1950. The area concerned is about 630 ha. As the owners are mainly elder people, old vineyards disappear rapidly. A prospection in 1021 old vineyards was carried out from 2007 to 2010. 351 different cultivars were discovered, from which 242 are historical and not registered in the German national variety catalogue. Some of the rediscovered cultivars were thought to have been lost (Jung 2010). 17. Minor cultivars See table 5. Cultivars written in bold exist in repositories only. Some of them have been found as single vines during a four year prospection period (2007-2010). Table 5: Minor cultivars in Germany. Cultivars written in bold exist in repositories only. Some of them have been found as single vines during a four year prospection period (2007-2010). Cultivar ha Remark Baron N 3 new bred fungus resistant variety Blauburger N 3 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Bronner N 3 new bred fungus resistant variety Freisamer B 3 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Goldmuskateller B 3 old Tyrolean cultivar Muscat à petits grains rouges RG 3 old cultivar 5
Orion B 3 new bred fungus resistant variety Prinzipal B 3 new bred fungus resistant variety Souvignier gris B 3 new bred fungus resistant variety Glera B 2 old Italian cultivar Gutenborner B 2 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Lagrein N 2 old cultivar Mariensteiner B 2 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Reberger N 2 new bred fungus resistant variety Rosenmuskateller RS 2 old Tyrolean cultivar Septimer B 2 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Silcher B 2 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Arnsburger B 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Barbera N 1 old Italian cultivar Cabernet Cantor B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Chardonell B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Chenin blanc B 1 old French cultivar Färbertraube N 1 old French cultivar Fontanara B 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Gamaret N 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Garanoir N 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Hecker B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Hibernal B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Leon Millot N 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Marechal Foch N 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Nebbiolo N 1 old Italian cultivar Perle von Zala B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Petit Verdot N 1 old French cultivar Pinotage N 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Pollux B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Rabaner B 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Rathay N 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Räuschling Weiss B 1 old German cultivar Ruling B 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Sangiovese N 1 old Italian cultivar Sauvignon gris G 1 old French cultivar Semillion B 1 old French cultivar Sirius B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Staufer B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Sulmer N 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Teroldego N 1 old Italian cultivar Thurling B 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Urban N 1 old German cultivar Villaris B 1 new bred fungus resistant variety Zähringer B 1 new bred fungus susceptible cultivar Zinfandel N 1 old Hungarian cultivar 6
18. Neglected cultivars See table 2. Cultivars written in bold exist in repositories only. Some of them have been found as single vines during a four year prospection period (2007-2010). 19. Occurrence of Vitis sylvestris in wild habitats Thousands of Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris individuals have been reported for the Rhine river valley in the middle of the 19th century. Today a last larger natural population exists on the Ketsch-Island in the proximity of Speyer. The recent inventory (2008-2012) of that site was supported by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection and the Federal Office of Agriculture and Food. Besides the inventory the still running project intends reintroduction of Vitis sylvestris at appropriate sites. At two additional sites, Hoerdt and Mannheim, 2 respectively 3 plants survived. Duplication of the extant individuals is carried out at the botanical Garden Karlsruhe and the Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof. 20. Is on farm evaluation and maintenance carried out? Monitored on-farm maintenance and evaluation is not done. On a very low scale winegrowers are interested in old autochthonous cultivars, aiming at a better income by offering rare products to the consumer and the search for cultivars coping with climatic change, e.g. looking for candidates with higher acidity. Unfortunately COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2008/62/EC of 20 June 2008, providing for certain derogations for acceptance of agricultural landraces and varieties which are naturally adapted to the local and regional conditions and threatened by genetic erosion and for marketing of seed and seed potatoes of those landraces and varieties does not apply for grapes. Thus winegrowers still have to ask for the permission for conductance of an experimental trial. 21. Realization of prospections (minor cultivars, clones, Vitis species) A search for minor cultivars was carried out from 2007-2010 (see point 16) supported by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection and the Federal Office of Agriculture and Food. One of the outcomes of the study was, that old vineyards are rapidly disappearing. Remaining material will thus be lost in the near future. Most of the rediscovered cultivars are now preserved at the Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof. With respect to increase of intra variety diversity prospection in old vineyards is done on a larger scale by state institutions. For economic reasons focus is laid on the most common cultivars. For Vitis sylvestris, see point 19. Aiming at the enlargement of the genetic base of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, prospections in the natural habitat of American Vitis species were carried out in the last 10 years. 22. Is particular attention paid to preservation of clones? Clone selection has a long tradition in Germany, starting at the end of the 19th century. After recognition of impoverishment of intra varietal diversity, since more than 20 years intense efforts are made on preservation of still existing diversity. Clones corresponding to the breeders objectives and with potential for approval are maintained. Allencompassing diversity, with complete range of variation, is not conserved. For clones in hand of giving up private breeders, it is planned that state institutions overtake the material. 23. Are there any organizations responsible for grape germplasm, e.g. linking gene banks or coordinating activities? 7
In 2010 the German Grape Genebank was founded as a network of grape germplasm maintaining institutions. Coordinating institute is the Institut für Rebenzüchtung Geilweilerhof. Collection and maintenance of germplasm by repositories listed in table 1 is carried out, respecting generic operational standards. 24. Existence of national respectively regional programs/projects Regarding Vitis sylvestris inventory and prospection in old vineyards for searching endangered cultivars two projects were funded by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection and the Federal Office of Agriculture and Food (see points 16, 19 and 21). A further project is running at the moment investigating on fungus disease tolerance of the Ketsch Vitis sylvestris population. Publications related to Vitis vinifera cultivars and germplasm maintenance in Germany Bleser, E., Konrad H., Rühl E. H. (2004): Perspektiven der Klonenzüchtung, Deutsches Weinbaujahrbuch 2005 (56) 116-121 Dettweiler E., Jung A. (2000): Die Müller-Thurgau-Rebe, das Kreuzungsprodukt von Riesling x Madeleine Royale. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2001 (52) 101-104 Dettweiler E., Jung A., Zyprian E., Töpfer R. (2000): Grapevine cultivar Müller-Thurgau and its true to type descent. Vitis 39 (2), 63-65 Dettweiler, E., Jung A. (2000): Die Bedeutung alter Rebsorten früher und heute. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2001 (52) 113-118 Jung A. (2007): Süßroth, Tauberschwarz und blaue Hänglinge die Entwirrung historischer Sortenkomplexe. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2008 (59) 44-60. Jung A. (2008): Erfassung rebengenetischer Ressourcen in Deutschland Verschollenen Rebsorten klären Sortengeschichte. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2009 (60) 88-103. Jung A. (2009): Weißer Orleans mittelalterliches Wärmezeitrelikt am Disibodenberg? Deutsches Weinbau- Jahrbuch 2010 (61) 64-76. Jung A. (2010): Erfassung rebengenetischer Ressourcen in Deutschland. Project Report. 231 p. Jung A., Dettweiler E. (2001): Alte bedrohte Rebsorten. Sammlung, Erhaltung, Identifikation Neubeschreibung, Evaluierung, Dokumentation. Biologische Vielfalt mit der Land- und Forstwirtschaft, 15.-17.05. Braunschweig, Poster Jung A., Maul E. (2003): Historische Weinberge bei Heidelberg - Letzte Zeugnisse alter Bergsträßer Weinbautradition. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2004 (55), 19-26 Jung A., Maul E. (2003): Historische Weinberge bei Heidelberg. Letzte Zeugnisse alter Bergsträßer Weinbautradition. Jahrbuch 2003, Jubiläumsausgabe, Stadtteilverein Handschuhsheim e.v. Jung A., Maul E. (2004): Letzte Refugien alter rebengenetischer Ressourcen in Deutschland. Vortr. Pflanzenzüchtung. 62, 132-149. Jung A., Maul E. (2004): Preservation of grapevine genetic resources in Germany, based on new findings in old, historical vineyards. Bulletin de l O.I.V. Revue Internationale 77 (883-884), 616-630. Konrad H., Lindner B., Rühl E. H. (2004): Autochthone Rebsorten, Der Oenologe 11, 81 Konrad H., Schmid J., Lindner B., Prüm S., Rühl E. H., Weihl T., Porten M. (2009): How to Maintain Genetic Diversity of Traditional German Varieties, Acta Horticulturae, 827, 199 Krieg, U. (2008): Binova (Berlandieri x Riparia). Das Deutsche Weinmagazin 4, 29. Krieg, U. (2008): Binova (Berlandieri x Riparia). Das Deutsche Weinmagazin 4, 29. Maul E. (2003): Alte Rebsorten früher und heute. Schweiz. Z. Obst- Weinbau 23, 11-13 Maul E. (2004): Die sehr alte Rebsorte Weißer Heunisch und ihre zum Teil berühmt gewordenen Kinder, wie z.b. Chardonnay. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2005, (56) 129-145. Maul E. (2006): Zur Herkunft alter Rebsorten. Schweiz. Z. Obst- Weinbau 6, 6-9. Maul E. (2009): Vorkommen, Schreibung, Schutz und Erhaltung der genetischen Ressourcen der Rebe Verknüpfung mit einer ökologischen, ökonomischen und standortgerechten Nutzung. Deutsches Weinbau- Jahrbuch 2010 (61) 186-200 Maul E., Jung A. (2005): Welche Rebsorten sind miteinander verwandt? Der genetische Fingerabdruck schafft Klarheit. Geisenheimer Berichte 57, 61-87. Maul E., Töpfer R. (2007): Maßnahmen zur langfristigen Erhaltung rebengenetischer Ressourcen. Der Beitrag des Instituts für Rebenzüchtung Geilweilerhof. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2008 (59) 32-39. Maul. E. (2010): Vom Spätburgunder zum Riesling - Ein Beitrag zur Entstehung unserer Rebsortenlandschaft. Deutsches Weinbau Jahrbuch 2011 (62) 106-117 8
Meneghetti, S.; Costacurta, A.; Crespan M.; Maul, E.; Hack, R.; Regner F. (2009): Deepening inside the homonyms of Wildbacher by means of SSR markers. Vitis 48 (3), 123-129. Rühl E. H., Konrad H., Lindner B. (2006): Neu Klone aus alten Anlagen Sammlung und Erhaltung genetischer Ressourcen. Deutsches Weinbau-Jahrbuch 2007 (58) Jahrgang, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, ISBN 13:978-3- 8001-5325-1, 121-125 Rühl E. H., Lindner B., Konrad H. (2004): Genetische Vielfalt Alte Knorzen, neu entdeckt, Das Deutsche Weinmagazin 15, 14-17 Konrad H. (2005): Neue Klone u. alte Sorten, 20. Internationale Rebveredlertagung, Geisenheimer Berichte, 58, 347-360 Schönhals E., Konrad H., Lindner B., Rühl E. H. (2008): Erfassung, Selektion u. Sicherung genetischer Variation von traditionellen Rebsorten, Eugen Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart, 132-139 Schropp A., Zink M., Jung A. K. (2002): Rici und Cina - Zwei neue reblausresistente Unterlagensorten für die Praxis. Deutsches Weinbaujahrbuch 53, 175-182 Weihl T., Dettweiler E. (2000): Differentiation and identification of 500 grapevine (Vitis spp. L.) cultivars using notations and measured leaf parameters. Proc. 7th IC on Grape, Acta Hort. 528, 37-43. Databases related to Vitis germplasm, managed by the Institut für Rebenzüchtung Geilweilerhof: European Vitis Database (www.eu-vitis.de) German Grape Genebank (www.deutsche-genbank-reben.jki.bund.de) Vitis International Variety Catalogue (www.vivc.de) 9