The influence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on sustainable tourism development: A case study Petra, Jordan

The influence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on sustainable tourism development: A case study Petra, Jordan

Yousef Alsaad The influence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on sustainable tourism development: A case study Petra, Jordan

Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar Zugl.: Lüneburg, Leuphana Universität, Dissertation, 2015 ISBN 978-3-86573-913-1 2016 Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin Olaf Gaudig & Peter Veit GbR www.wvberlin.com / www.wvberlin.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, auch einzelner Teile, ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für fotomechanische Vervielfältigung sowie Übernahme und Verarbeitung in EDV-Systemen. Druck und Bindung: SDL Digitaler Buchdruck, Berlin Printed in Germany 33,00

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract... v Zusammenfassung... vii Acknowledgments... ix Abbreviations... x Table of Contents... xii List of Tables... xviii LIST OF figures... xxi List of pictures... xxiii Chapter One... 1 Introduction... 1 1.1 Introduction... 2 1.2 Research Background... 3 1.3 Statement of the Problem... 5 1.4 Significance of the Problem... 9 1.5 Research Questions... 10 1.6 Research Methodology... 10 Chapter Two... 13 Stakeholders and Sustainable Tourism... 13 2.1 Introduction... 14 2.2 Sustainable Tourism... 14 2.2.1 The Concept of Sustainable Tourism... 14 2.2.2 The Need for Sustainable Tourism... 17 2.2.3 Sustainable Tourism and Planning... 19 2.3 Stakeholders at Tourism Sites... 21

2.3.1 What is a stakeholder?... 21 2.3.2 Stakeholders and sustainable tourism... 24 2.4 Key players in Tourism Management... 26 2.4.1 The Public Sector (Government)... 27 2.4.2 Private Sector... 28 2.4.3 Consumers (Tourists)... 29 2.4.4 The local community... 30 2.4.5 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)... 32 2.5 Stakeholder engagement in tourism planning... 33 2.6 Sustainable tourism development... 36 2.6.1 The dimensions of sustainable development... 37 2.6.1.1 The economic dimension... 41 2.6.1.2 The social dimension... 43 2.6.1.3 The environmental dimension... 45 2.7 Sustainable tourism governance and stakeholders... 47 2.8 Cooperative tourism planning and sustainability... 48 Chapter Three... 52 Case Study: Petra... 52 3.1 Introduction... 53 3.2 The History of Petra... 53 3.3 Location of Petra... 55 3.4 Physical Environment... 57 3.4.1 Climate... 57 3.4.2 Ecology... 57 3.5 Site significance... 57 3.6 Management Values... 58 3.6.1 Identity Value... 59

3.6.2 Scientific and Historical Values... 59 3.6.3 Rarity Value... 60 3.6.4 Aesthetic Values... 60 3.7 Tourism in Petra... 61 3.7 Governance in Petra... 64 3.8 Stakeholders in Petra Ministries... 65 3.8.1 The local community... 65 3.8.2 Government... 66 3.8.3 The private sector... 67 3.8.4 NGOs... 67 3.8.4.1 Petra Ladies Cooperative... 68 3.8.4.2 Petra National Trust... 68 3.8.4.3 Nabataean Women s Cooperative of Wadi Musa... 70 3.8.4.4 Beidha Tourism and Archaeological Cooperative Society (Ammarin)... 70 3.8.4.5 Petra Special Needs Society (Wadi Musa)... 71 3.8.4.6 Beit Al-Anbat Society (Wadi Musa)... 71 3.8.4.7 Taybeh Women s Cooperative (Taybeh)... 72 3.8.4.8 Ruwwad... 72 3.8.4.9 Jordan Hotel Association... 72 3.8.4.10 Tour Guide Association... 73 3.8.4.11 Petra Pottery Association (Taybeh)... 73 Chapter Four... 75 Tourism Planning in Petra: A Critical Analysis... 75 4.1 Introduction... 76 4.2 Management Plans... 76 4.2.1 The US National Park Service (NPS) in 1968... 77 4.2.2 The UNESCO Petra National Park Management Plan, 1994. 78

4.2.3 The US/ICOMOS Management analysis and recommendations in 1996... 79 4.2.4 The US National Parks Service Operating Plan, 2000... 80 4.3 Stakeholder Engagement... 81 4.4 Critical overview of the plans... 82 4.5 Political Districting... 85 4.6 Petra Governance Bodies and their Impacts on Management Decisions... 86 4.7 Management Deficiency... 91 Chapter Five... 92 Research Methodology... 92 5.1 Introduction... 93 5.2 Methods... 93 5.2.1 Case Study... 93 5.2.2 Target Population... 95 5.2.3 Overview of the NGOs... 96 5.2.4 Data Collection Methods... 98 5.2.4.1 Survey Study Process... 98 5.2.4.2 Secondary Data... 99 5.3 Data Analysis... 100 5.4 Limitations... 101 5.4.1 Ethics... 101 5.4.2 Accuracy... 102 5.4.3 Credibility... 102 Chapter Six... 104 Analysis and Discussion... 104 6.1 Introduction... 105 6.2 Analysis and Discussions... 105

6.2.1 Active NGOs... 107 6.2.1.1 Social Statements... 107 6.2.1.2 Economics Statements... 109 6.2.1.3 Environment Statements... 111 6.2.1.4 Site Management (1) (Involvement) Statements... 113 6.2.1.5 Site Management (2) (Suffering) Statements... 116 6.2.1.6 Site Management (3) (Stakeholders) Statements... 118 6.2.2 Non_Active Former NGOs... 121 6.2.2.1 Social Statements... 121 6.2.2.2 Economics Statements... 123 6.2.2.3 Environment Statements... 126 6.2.2.5 Site Management (2) (Suffering) Statements... 131 6.2.2.6 Site Management (3) (Stakeholders) Statements... 134 6.3 Critical issues influencing NGOs sustainability in Petra... 136 6.4 Tourism Planning Issues... 137 6.4.1 Petra Planning Awareness (Lack of Awareness)... 139 6.4.2. Planning Responsibilities... 139 6.4.3 Stakeholder and NGO Consultation and Communication... 141 6.4.4 Perception and Conflicts... 142 6.5 Governance... 143 Chapter Seven... 145 Results and Recommendations... 145 7.1 Introduction... 146 7.2 Results and Findings... 146 7.3 Recommendations... 150 7.4 Conclusion... 156

Appendix one... 157 Questionnaire guideline with codes... 157 Appendix two... 161 Interview questions... 161 Appendix three... 162 Respondents comments... 162 REFERENCES... 185