PH & EE: Passive houses (PH) // Energy efficiency (EE) // Renovation

Tallinn 2008-01-25 PH & EE: Passive houses (PH) // Energy efficiency (EE) // Renovation Dr. FIW München, www.fiw-muenchen.de

FIW München research & testing institute for thermal insulation testing + third-party control + certification registered accredited notified body (EU) heat and moisture transport building sector + technical installations thermal insulation materials/systems, masonry blocks, pipe insulation, windows, roof waterproofing... expert panels of government and industry standardization committees (DIN, EN, ISO) thermal bridges; air tightness summer-time room temperature simulation expert statements

Outline of presentation Passive houses (PH) // Energy efficiency (EE) // Renovation energy use of buildings: holistic approach what is net energy, final energy, primary energy demand? energy label, energy certificate why is a passive house a passive house? thermal insulation of buildings and installations summer-time room temperature reduction of thermal bridges renovation of existing buildings to low energy and passive houses costs, some examples measures and incentives

the holistic approach: totel energy demand of buildings final energy use: 1 l oil = 1 m³ nat. gas = 10 kwh net energy demand for heating Q h final energy demand Q E [kwh/(m²a)] Bilder: Vaillant (nachbearbeitet); ASUE primary energy demand Q P

buildings as integrated systems net energy demand for heating efficiency techn install (final) primary / CO 2 rating figure: ASUE

consumption of oil per m² of living area and per year in residential homes source: Passivhaus Institut

annual net energy demand for a typical passive house source: Passivhaus Institut

energy rating energy rating for buildings max allowed energy levels for new buildings energy certificates for all public and publicly accessible buildings gradually increase energy quality of buildings (envelope + installations) A B C D E F G

why is a passive house a passive house Principal criteria for passive houses in middle/northern Europe: net energy demand for heating 15 kwh/(m² a) heat requirement 10 W/m² primary energy demand (incl. household electricity) 120 kwh/(m² a) Why passive? low net energy demand, low heat requirement apart from solar and internal gains, only very little extra heating is required ==> heating can be done by ventilation system, conventional heating system can be omitted!

recommendations for passive houses Compact form and good insulation: Southern orientation and shade considerations: Energy-efficient window glazing and frames: Building envelope air-tightness: Passive pre-heating of fresh air: Highly efficient heat recovery from exhaust air using an air-to-air heat exchanger: Hot water supply using regenerative energy sources: Energy-saving household appliances: source: Passivhaus Institut All components of the exterior shell of the house are insulated to achieve a U-factor that does not exceed 0.15 W/(m²K) Passive use of solar energy is a significant factor in passive house design. Windows (glazing and frames, combined) should have U-factors not exceeding 0.80 W/(m²K) with solar heat-gain coefficients around 50%. Air leakage through unsealed joints must be less than 0.6 times the house volume per hour. Fresh air may be brought into the house through underground ducts that exchange heat with the soil. This preheats fresh air to a temperature above 5 C, even on cold winter days. Most of the perceptible heat in the exhaust air is transferred to the incoming fresh air (heat recovery rate over 80%). Solar collectors or heat pumps provide energy for hot water. Low energy refrigerators, stoves, freezers, lamps, washers, dryers, etc. are indispensable in a passive house.

heating: energy efficient, renewable ventilation with heat recovery η eff 75 % Passivhaus-Komponenten roof 25 40 cm U 0,15 wall 25 35 cm U 0,15 windows U w 0,85 slide: Schulze Darup air and wind tight reduced thermal bridges ground slab 20 30 cm U 0,15

λ [W/(m.K)] MW EPS grey EPS XPS PF rigid PUR PUR spray foam CG VIP 0.032-0.045 (0.035) 0.030 0.040 (0.035) 0.028 0.035 (0.031) 0.026 0.035 (0.030) 0.020 0.035 (0.022) 0.020-0.035 (0.024/30) 0.030 0.035 (0.030) 0.038 0.055 (0.040) 0.004-0.006 (0.008/9)

cellular plastics (e.g. EPS, XPS, ) heat transport in cellular plastics via: solid conduction conduction within pore gas infra-red radiation (through pore walls) photo: microtherm

ETICS = external thermal insulation compound system source: Bayer MaterialScience

modified polystyrene (EPS/XPS): infra-red absorbers source: BASF

Foto: FIW München

energy-efficient renovation of existing façade with VIP detached residential building (Architect Florian Lichtblau) source: Lichtblau

Foto: FIW München

top floor with existing + new sloped roofs, hot summer week operative room temperature in C Empfundene Raumtemperatur in C 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 Raumtemperatur im ausgebauten Dach in einer heißen Sommerwoche exterior Außenluft air temperature 30mm wood HWL wool verputzt with plaster (U=1,5) (U=1.5) 80mm glass Randleistenmatte wool between rafters ZwSp (U=0.43) (U=0,43) 160mm wood Holzfaser fibre 040 AufSp above rafters (U=0,23) (U=0.23) 105mm PUR/PIR PUR025 ZwSp between (U=0,22) rafters (U=0.22) 220mm wood Holzfaser fibre 040 ZwSp between(u=0,21) rafters (U=0.21) 220mm Klemmrock ZwSp (U=0,20) 180mm Masterrock AufSp (U=0,18) 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 Stunden hours of warmest summer week

Reduction of thermal bridges in new and existing buildings

perimeter insulation / load-bearing insulation under ground slab ψ l = L 2D A 1 U 1 A 2 U 2

perimeter insulation / load-bearing insulation under ground slab

thermal bridges catalogue: www.neh-im-bestand.de/wissensdatenbank some 50 solutions with recommendations for renovation of existing residential buildings to low energy and passive houses

Costs source: Feist

50 100 W enough for 10...20 m² passive house target: heat requirement 10 W/m² on average cold days typically 4 5 W/m² enough for 60...120 m²

steps and measures 1. (min thermal resistances for all external building components)... 2. for all new buildings: low (net) energy house compulsory restrict net energy demand for heating (to e.g. 50 kwh/(m²a)) net energy demand = transmission heat losses + ventilation heat losses solar gains internal gains 50 kwh/(m²a) energy certificate 3. new standard on holistic energy efficiency approach efficiency parameters / factors for locally typical installations training of professionals 4. after 3: for all new buildings: very low primary energy house or passive house compulsory restrict primary energy demand (to e.g. 40 kwh/(m²a)) 5. incentives for new passive houses (until 4.) for energy efficient renovation of existing houses (to meet energy criteria for new houses)

incentives, e.g. funding of outstanding renovation projects of existing buildings pilot project Renovation to Low Energy Houses project to be initiated and masterminded by government agency e.g. 25 buildings to be renovated to extremely low energy use / passive house level as demonstration objects training of architect by experts in energy conservation example library (details, thermal bridges, performance of installations etc.) in an internet database support for architects etc. via an internet forum pilot project Energy Certificate funding, grants, tax relief low interest loans for highly energy efficient renovations part of loan (e.g. 20%) becomes a grant when a set energy demand level is met (to be proven by an independent expert)

the future: go for green mankind s biggest energy source: energy conservation

Examples some examples passive houses residential and non-residential new buildings renovation of existing buildings taken from: Burkhard Schulze Darup, Architect, Nürnberg, Germany, www.schulze-darup.de Rudolf Herz, KS-Süd e.v., Kalksandstein-Süd, Bensheim, Germany, www.ks-sued.de), FIW München e.v., Gräfelfing, Germany, www.fiw-muenchen.de and others

source: Schulze Darup

source: Rentsch & Reiter Kindergarten Dohna Rentzsch & Reiter Dresden

Foto: Schulze Darup

Foto: FIW München

Foto: Schulze Darup

Fotos: FIW München

Foto: FIW München

Foto: Schulze Darup

energy: after: net energy demand 26 kwh/(m²a) primary energy demand 40 kwh/(m²a) final energy used: 27 kwh/(m²a) before: final energy used ca. 205 kwh/(m²a) renovated to very low energy house level (3 liters/(m²a)) costs: 515 /m² only 5% more expensive than expected for standard renovation sources: Schulze Darup; FIW München

Dr. -FIW München - Lochhamer Schlag 4, D 82166 Gräefelfing Fon 089/85800-0, Fax -40 www.fiw-muenchen.de Spitzner@fiw-muenchen.de Thank you. Sources: Burkhard Schule Darup, www.schulze-darup.de Rodulf Herz, www.ks-sued.de Passivhaus Institut, www.passiv.de FIW München, www.fiw-muenchen.de