Functional characterization of CXCL13-producing stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs

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Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Functional characterization of CXCL13-producing stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs Author(s): Mörbe, Urs M. Publication Date: 2017 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

DISS. ETH NO. 24572 Functional characterization of CXCL13-producing stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs A thesis submitted to obtain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr.sc. ETH Zurich) Presented by Urs Michael Mörbe MSc, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Born on 17.09.1986 Citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Manfred Kopf Prof. Dr. Burkhard Ludewig Prof. Dr. Cornelia Halin Prof. Dr. Christian Münz 2017

2. Abstract Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are central hubs for the interaction of lymphocytes and their efficient activation. The structure and function of SLOs is determined by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), which attract, maintain and activate lymphocytes in SLOs. Three major FRC-subsets can be found in SLOs: T cell-zone FRCs (TRCs) form a dense network in paracortical T cell zones, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are located in germinal centers of follicular B cell zones and marginal reticular cells (MRCs) form a cell layer at the margin of follicular and perifollicular areas in lymph nodes (LNs) and the splenic white pulp. FRCs descend from a common precursor that requires lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR)-signaling for its differentiation into the respective subsets. Additionally, it has been hypothesized that LTβR-expressing mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells initiate the formation of SLOs after interaction with hematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. Such LTo cells secrete chemokine C- X-C motif ligand 13 (CXCL13) to attract LTi cells and other lymphocytes into the growing primordium. However, the precise identity of CXCL13 + LTo cells and their direct progeny remained elusive. Therefore, the first aim of this work was to generate a novel transgenic mouse model, which targets CXCL13-producing cells and their progeny. We describe the successful generation of the novel transgenic Cxcl13-Cre/tdTomato mouse model, which targets bona fide FRCs in SLOs. Lineage tracing experiments revealed that Cxcl13-Cre/tdTomato-targeted FRCs descent from CXCL13-producing precursor cells and are highly abundant in SLOs. As expected, current CXCL13-production reported by tdtomato expression was restricted to the follicular and perifollicular areas of SLOs and included FDCs and MRCs. To investigate whether presumptive mesenchymal LTo cells are the true LTβR-sensitive LTo cells required for organ formation, we specifically ablated LTβR on CXCL13-producing cells. Surprisingly, the conditional deletion of LTβR did not impact on the development of lymph nodes. In contrast, the formation of the splenic white pulp and Peyerˈs patches was severely impaired. 8

Besides of a dense network of intestinal fibroblasts in the lamina propria, also solitary intestinal lymphoid tissues (SILT) were targeted in Cxcl13-EYFP mice. The conditional ablation of Ltbr did not impair the development of cryptopatches, but arrested the maturation of SILT structures. Since the Cxcl13-Cre/tdTomato transgene did not allow the specific manipulation of SILT FRC-like cells, we resorted to the previously generated Ccl19-EYFP mouse model to investigate the contribution of FRC-like cells to SILT maturation. Using this model, we demonstrated that CCL19-expressing FRC-like cells are exclusively present in SILT of the lamina propria. Furthermore, we found that FRClike cells targeted by the Ccl19-Cre transgene are required for the transition of cryptopatches into mature isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) and that the ablation of LTβR in these cells abrogated ILF maturation. This was associated with a significant reduction in innate lymphoid cell (ILC) numbers in the intestinal lamina propria and an increased susceptibility to infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Hence, this work describes a novel subset of FRC-like cells in SILT structures, which form a LTβR-dependent niche for ILC homeostasis and contribute to intestinal immunocompetence. Taken together, this project enabled the generation of a novel transgenic mouse model, which is well-suited to study CXCL13-producing stromal cells in SLOs. Our data demonstrate that CXCL13-expressing cells require LTβR-signaling to initiate organogenesis of the splenic white pulp and Peyerˈs patches, while the development of lymph nodes and cryptopatches is independent of LTβR-signaling on these cells. Even though FRC-like cells in SILT structures are not required for the initial formation of cryptopatches, the maturation of SILT structures and their function is governed by LTβR + FRC-like cells, highlighting their important role in intestinal immunity. Collectively, our data indicate that distinct LTo populations drive the development of conventional as well as non-conventional SLOs. 9

3. Zusammenfassung Sekundäre lymphatische Organe (SLO) sind zentrale Knotenpunkte für die Interaktion von Lymphozyten und deren effizienter Aktivierung. Die Struktur und Funktion von SLO sind durch bestimmte fibroblastische Retikulumzellen (fibroblastic reticular cells, FRCs) festgelegt: FRCs locken Lymphozyten an, fördern die Aufrechterhaltung deren Anzahl und aktivieren diese in SLO, welche drei größere FRC-Untergruppen beinhalten: T- Zellzonen FRCs (TRCs) bilden ein dichtes Netzwerk in parakortikalen T-Zellzonen, follikuläre dendritische Zellen (follicular dendritic cells, FDCs) sind in Keimzentren der B- Zellzonen zu finden und marginale Retikulumzellen (marginal reticular cells, MRCs) bilden am Rand der follikulären und perifollikulären Bereiche von Lymphknoten und der weißen Pulpa der Milz eine definierte Zellschicht. Alle FRCs stammen von einer gemeinsamen Vorläuferzelle ab, die Lymphotoxin-β-Rezeptor (LTβR-)Signalwege für ihre Differenzierung in die jeweiligen Untergruppen benötigt. Es wurde außerdem gemutmaßt, dass LTβR-exprimierende mesenchymale Zellen auch Lymphgewebeorganisierende Zellen (lymphoid tissue organizer cells, LTo cells) zur Bildung von sekundären lymphatischen Organen sind. Zur Initiierung von SLO wird hierbei die Interaktion solcher Zellen mit hämatopoetischen Lymphgewebe-induzierenden (LTi)- Zellen über die Expression der Lymphotoxine α1β2 durch LTi-Zellen benötigt. LTo- Zellen sekretieren zudem das Chemokin C-X-C Motiv Ligand 13 (CXCL13) um LTiund andere Zellen in die sich entwickelnde Organanlage zu locken. Allerdings ist die genaue Identität dieser CXCL13-produzierenden mutmaßlichen LTo-Zelle und deren direkter Nachkommen bisher ungeklärt. Daher war das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit die Erzeugung eines neuen transgenen Mausmodells, das CXCL13-produzierende Zellen und deren Nachkommen markiert. In dieser Arbeit beschreiben wir die erfolgreiche Erzeugung des neuen Cxcl13-Cre/tdTomato Mausmodells, das FRCs in SLO kenntlich macht. Experimente zur Bestimmung der Abstammung enthüllten, dass Cxcl13- Cre/tdTomato-markierte Zellen von einer CXCL13-produzierenden Vorläuferzelle abstammen und in großer Zahl in SLO zu finden sind. Wie erwartet waren CXCL13- produzierende Zellen durch tdtomato-expression gekennzeichnet und in follikulären oder perifollikulären Bereichen von SLO zu finden. Diese beinhalteten sowohl FDCs, als 10

auch MRCs. Um herauszufinden ob diese mutmaßlichen mesenchymalen LTo-Zellen die wahrhaftigen LTβR-sensitiven LTo-Zellen sind, blockierten wir spezifisch die Expression von LTβR auf CXCL13-produzierenden Zellen. Überraschenderweise hatte die genetische Ablation von Ltbr keinen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Lymphknoten. Allerdings war die Entwicklung der weißen Pulpa der Milz und der Peyer-Plaques deutlich eingeschränkt. Zudem war in der Cxcl13-EYFP Maus auch ein dichtes Netzwerk an Fibroblasten im Darm innerhalb der Lamina propria markiert, das einzelne intestinale lymphoide Gewebe (solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue, SILT) beinhaltete. Die Ablation von Ltbr reduzierte zwar nicht deren anfängliche Entwicklung, stoppte aber deren Reifung. Da das Cxcl13- Cre/tdTomato nicht die spezifische Manipulation FRC-artiger Zellen innerhalt von SILT erlaubte, griffen wir für weitere Experimente auf das zuvor erzeugte Ccl19-EYFP Mausmodell zurück um den Beitrag FRC-artiger Zellen in SILT an deren Reifungsprozess zu bestimmen. Durch die Benutzung dieses Modells zeigten wir, dass FRC-artige Zellen innerhalb der Lamina propria in der Tat ausschließlich in SILT vorkommen. Des Weiteren fanden wir heraus, dass diese Zellen für den Übergang von unreifen Cryptopatches in reife isolierte lymphoide Follikel (ILFs) benötigt werden und, dass die Löschung von LTβR in diesen Zellen die Reifung von ILFs beeinträchtigte. Dies ging mit einer signifikanten Reduktion angeborener lymphoider Zellen (innate lymphoid cells, ILC) in der intestinalen Lamina propria und einer erhöhten Anfälligkeit gegenüber Infektionen mit Citrobacter rodentium einher. Daher beschreibt diese Arbeit eine neue Untergruppe an FRC-artigen Zellen in SILT-Strukturen, die eine LTβR-abhängige Nische für die Homöostase von ILC bilden und somit einen Beitrag zur Immunität im Darm leisten. Insgesamt beinhaltete dieses Projekt die Erzeugung eines neuen transgenen Mausmodells, das gut geeignet dafür ist CXCL13-produzierende Stromazellen in SLO zu erforschen. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass CXCL13-exprimierende Zellen LTβR- Signalwege benötigen um die Entwicklung der weißen Pulpa der Milz und der Peyer- Plaques zu initiieren, wohingegen die Entwicklung von Lymphknoten und Cryptopatches unabhängig von LTβR-Signalwegen in diesen Zellen ist. Alles in allem zeigen unsere Daten auf, dass verschiedene LTo-Populationen für die Entwicklung von konventionellen 11

und nicht-konventionellen SLO verantwortlich sind und dass der zelluläre Kontext der jeweiligen Gewebe bestimmt welche LTo-Population die Organentwicklung leitet. 12