Effects of CUGBP2 on PKM isoform expression

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1 DISS. ETH NO Effects of CUGBP2 on PKM isoform expression A dissertation submitted to ETH ZÜRICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by WALLY WAGNER BENCOMO Master of Science in Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden Born August 5th, 1980 Citizen of México Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Krek, examiner Prof. Dr. Jernej Ule, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Christian Wolfrum, co-examiner 2012

2 Abstract Cell proliferation requires a constant supply of biosynthetic precursors to fuel protein, nucleic acid and lipid production, and the need for these precursors is even greater in rapidly proliferating tumor cells. During cancer development, cells are known to switch their metabolism from glucose oxidation to aerobic glycolysis, which permits the accumulation of biosynthetic precursors. Pyruvate kinase muscle isoform M2 (PKM2) is a key player in this metabolic switch, because of its lower activity channels glycolytic intermediates into other biosynthetic pathways. Tumor cells re-express the embryonic isoform PKM2, as a result of an alternative splicing event. However, the regulation of this switch in isoform expression remains unclear. Hypoxia is a well-characterized stress that cancer cells are exposed to once tumors reach a certain size. Tumor cells take advantage of this stress to increase proliferation by activating the hypoxia response. The PKM gene itself is an HIF1α target, suggesting the presence of a splice factor regulated in an oxygen-dependent manner. This study reports on the mechanism of PKM2 regulation in cancer cells driven by hypoxia and HIF1α through the splice factor CUGBP2. A small screen of splice factors identified CUG triplet repeat RNA-binding protein 2 (CUGBP2) as a potential HIF1α target that regulates PKM splicing in cancer cells in response to hypoxic stress. Here, we present data demonstrating that CUGBP2 expression levels affect the PKM2/PKM1 ratio. Cells with CUGBP2 knockdown exhibit decreased PKM2 expression levels. By contrast, CUGBP2 overexpression results in increased levels of PKM2 expression. Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) analysis revealed that CUGBP2 binds to the PKM pre-mrna, in intron 8, suggesting that the mechanism of regulation must involve alternative splicing. CUGBP2 binding at other sites of the PKM pre-mrna suggests 3

3 Abstract that CUGBP2 may also have other functions in the regulation and processing of PKM mrna species. Stable knockdown of CUGBP2 in cancer cells leads to a significant impairment of proliferation and a switch in metabolism from aerobic glycolysis back to glucose oxidation. At least a portion of these effects can be attributed to the role that CUGBP2 plays in the regulation of PKM isoform expression. PKM2 overexpression did not completely rescue proliferation upon CUGBP2 knockdown. This study presents a novel mechanism for the regulation of PKM isoform expression in cancer cells through HIF1α with significant consequences for tumor cell metabolism and proliferation. 4

4 Zusammenfassung Für die Proliferation von Zellen ist eine konstante Versorgung mit biosynthetischen Ausgansstoffen zur Synthese von Proteinen, Nukleinsäuren und Lipiden nötig. In sich schnell teilenden Krebszellen ist der Bedarf an diesen Ausgangsstoffen besonders hoch. Es ist bekannt, dass Zellen während der Entstehung von Krebs ihren Stoffwechsel von der Oxidation von Glucose auf aerobe Glycolyse umstellen, was die Anreicherung von biosynthetischen Ausgangsstoffen ermöglicht. Die Pyruvatkinase Muskel Isoform M2 (PKM2) spielt bei dieser Umstellung des Stoffwechsels eine zentrale Rolle, da durch ihre geringe Aktivität Zwischenprodukte der Glycolyse in andere biosynthetische Stoffwechselwege umgeleitet werden. Tumorzellen ermöglichen das Reexprimieren der embryonalen Isoform PKM2 durch alternatives Spleißen. Wie diese Umstellung in der Expremierung der verschiedenen Isoformen erreicht wird, ist jedoch nach wie vor unklar. Wir berichten hier über den Mechanismus der PKM2 Regulierung in Krebszellen durch Hypoxie und HIF1α mittels des Spleißfaktors CUGBP2. Hypoxie ist ein gut beschriebener Stress dem Krebszellen ausgesetzt sind, wenn die Tumore eine bestimmte Größe erreichen. Tumorzellen machen sich diesen Stress zunutze um die Proliferationsgeschwindigkeit zu erhöhen, indem sie die Hypoxieantwort aktivieren. Das PKM Gen selbst wird durch HIF1α reguliert, was die Existenz eines Spleißfaktors nahelegt der sauerstoffabhängig reguliert wird. Bei einem kleinen Screen haben wir das CUG triplet repeat RNA-bindende Protein 2 (CUGBP2) als potentielles HIF1α reguliertes Protein identifiziert, welches das Spleißen von PKM in Krebszellen in Reaktion auf Hypoxiestress reguliert. Wir präsentieren hier Daten die zeigen, dass die CUGBP2 Exprimierungslevel das Verhältnis von PKM2 zu PKM1 beeinflussen. Zellen in denen die CUGBP2 Exprimierung Heruntertreguliert 5

5 Zusammenfassung wurde weisen eine niedrigere PKM2 Exprimierung auf. Im Gegensatz dazu führt eine CUGBP2 Überexprimierung zu einer Erhöhung der PKM2 Exprimierungslevel. Analysen mithilfe der Crosslinking und immunoprecipitation (CLIP) Methode haben gezeigt, dass CUGBP2 die PKM prä-mrna speziell in Intron acht bindet, was nahelegt, dass die Regulierung durch alternatives Spleißen stattfindet. Da CUGBP2 auch an anderen Stellen der PKM prä-mrna bindet liegt es nahe, dass CUGBP2 zusätzlich auch andere Funktionen bei der Regulierung und Bearbeitung der PKM mrna hat. Eine stabile herunter Regulierung von CUGBP2 in Krebszellen führt zu einer signifikanten Beeinträchtigung der Proliferation und einer Umstellung im Stoffwechsel von aerober Glycolyse zurück zur Oxidation von Glucose. Zumindest ein Teil dieser Effekte kann auf den Einfluss von CUGBP2 auf die Exprimierung der unterschiedlichen PKM Isoformen zurückgeführt werden. Nichtsdestotrotz reguliert CUGBP2 sicher auch andere Proteine die bei Stoffwechsel und Proliferation eine Rolle spielen. Die Überexprimierung von PKM2 hat jedoch die beeinträchtigte Proliferation in Zellen in denen CUGBP2 herunter reguliert wurde nicht komplett wieder hergestellt. Wir präsentieren hier einen neuen Mechanismus für die Regulierung der unterschiedlichen PKM Isoform-Exprimierung in Krebszellen durch HIF1α, welcher signifikante Auswirkungen auf den Stoffwechsel und die Proliferation von Krebszellen hat 6

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