of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and their mixture on performance of broilers

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1 Arch. Geflügelk. 2002, 67 (2), 92 96, ISSN Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart Short Communication Effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and their mixture on performance of broilers Einfluss von Anis (Pimpinella anisum), Ingwer (Zingiber officionale roscoe) und Fenchel (Foeniculum vulgare) sowie ihrer Mischungen auf die Leistung von Broilern A. A. El-Deek 1, Y. A. Attia 2, and Maysa M. Hannfy 3 Manuskript eingegangen am 24. Januar 2002, angenommen am 1. Juni 2002 Introduction Continuous use of antibiotics in poultry diets has evoked problems such as cross-resistance, carry over effects and environmental pollution. As antibiotics in feed will be banned in many countries in the near future, the search for alternative growth promoting substances to replace classical antibiotics in poultry diets has to be continued. Recently, vegetables, herbs, spices and edible plants were suggested as non-traditional feed additives to overcome the increase in public concern about the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition (Dickens et al., 2000; Abaza, 2001). (Pimpinella anisum) has carminative, spasmolytic and expectorant effects (Zepernick et al., 1984). Vogt and Rauch (1991) fed broilers diets with oils extracted from thyme, mace and caraway or coriander, garlic and onion at 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg diet, and found that daily gains, feed conversin ratio (FCR), flavour and smell of meat were not affected by the extracted oils. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been described as an appetizer, stomachic carminative, aphrodisiac, laxative component and has been found to be effective against bronchitis rheumatism, asthma, piles, vomiting and abdominal troubles (Pachori et al., 1989). Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) was also recognized as a plant having medical properties (antispasmodic, carminative and diuretic). Nichita et al. (1984) found that after extraction of fennel seed, the residue contained 18.96% crude protein and 19.46% ether extract. This residue was given at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% in the diet for growing chickens and mean daily gain was 85.3, 80.8, and 85.9 g, respectively, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowest for chickens given 0.5% fennel. Huang et al. (1992) concluded that the Chinese medicinal herbs have a stimulating effect on growth of broilers. Fritz et al. (1993) found that there were differences between the herbs, with A. millefolium giving best results, and herb supplemented diets resulted in a better FCR. Also, Abou-Egla (1995) found that peppermint improved FCR of broilers during the first four 1 Faculty of Meteorology Environmental and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. 2 Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Damnhour), Alexandria University, Egypt 3 Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt. weeks of age. Bakhiet and Adam (1996) found that growth of chicks fed a diet containing 2% A. maritima was better than that of chicks fed a control diet. Damme (1999) reported that herbs and spices could replace the digestion promoting effect of the antibiotics. The objective of the present work was to study the impacts of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) fed at different levels or their mixtures as non-traditional growth promoters on performance of broilers, dressing, proportion of internal organs, and protein and ether extract and optical density of meat. Materials and methods Birds, housing and management Three trials were carried out using Hubbard broiler chicks which were kept in battery brooders ( cm 2 ) under similar management and hygienic conditions. Allmash feed and water were offered ad libitum from tube feeders and automatic nipple drinkers, respectively, with a twenty-four hours lighting program. Diets including mainly corn-soybean and broiler protein concentrate (soybean meal, bone meal, meat meal, and fish meal) were formulated based on NRC (1994) tables of feedstuffs to meet the recommended nutrient requirements for broiler chicks. The pre-experimental diet contained 12.3 MJ ME/ kg diet, 23.5% CP, 0.80% TSAA, 1.25% lysine, 0.95% Ca and 0.43% available phosphorus (AP). It was fed from 1 to 12 days of age in trial 1, and during days 1 and 4 of age in trials 2 and 3. Thereafter, the chicks were randomly distributed to the experimental groups with keeping an approximately equal initial live body weight. Number of dead birds was recorded in each trial. Trial 1 A mono-factorial experimental design with three types of spices (anise, ginger and fennel) and an un-supplemented control group was used. The spices were supplemented at 0.05% and mixed into the growing/finishing diets. The experimental diet was based on corn-soybean meal and broi-

2 EL-DEEK et al., Effect of anise, ginger and fennel on performance of broilers 93 ler protein concentrate. The calculated nutrients were 12.4 MJ ME/kg diet, 22.2% CP, 0.76% TSAA, 1.16% lysine, 0.95% Ca and 0.45% AP. Each treatment was comprised three replicates of 8 unsexed chicks each. Chicks were weighed on days 12, 33 and 47 of age, whereas, feed intake and FCR were calculated on days 33 and 47 of age. The experimental period lasted from 12 to 47 days of age. At day 47, three chicks were slaughtered from each treatment to determine percentages of dressing, carcass parts and internal organs. Trials 2 and 3 Trials 2 and 3 were run simultaneous utilizing one control group under a mono-factorial experimental design. In trial 2, three types of spices, anise, ginger and fennel were included besides an un-supplemented control group. The spices were supplemented at 0.10% and mixed into the growing-finishing diet. Furthermore, spices were supplemented as a mixture of two or three. The mixtures were added at 0.10% to the growing/finishing diet in trial 3. Again, the experimental diet consisted of corn-soybean meal and broiler concentrate. The calculated nutrients were: 12.6 MJ ME/kg diet, 20.0% CP, 0.71% TSAA, 1.01% lysine, 0.93% Ca and 0.44% ap. In both trials, each treatment was represented by three replicates of 5 unsexed chicks each. Chicks were weighed on days 5, 19, 33 and 47 of age, whereas, feed intake and FCR was calculated on days 19, 33 and 47 of age. The experimental period lasted from 5 to 47 days of age. At day 47, three chicks were slaughtered from each treatment of each trial to determine percentages of dressing and internal organs, as well as to determine the contents of crude protein and ether extract in the meat according to AOAC (1990). For meat analysis homogenated boneless and skinless breast and thigh muscles were used. Colour intensity of meat was determined according to the methods of Husaini et al. (1950). Statistical analysis Data from each trial were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the GLM procedure of SAS 1 as well as Duncan s (Duncan, 1955,) New Multiple Range Test (SAS Institute, 1985) to test mean differences at P Results and discussion Growth performance of broiler chicks Results of trial 1 indicated that adding 0.05% of anise improved weight gain significantly by 19.1% and FCR by 10.8% over the control group when the experiment was started on day 12 of age (Table 1). The results indicate furthermore, that anise increased feed intake by 6.3% when compared to the control group. Also, the anise fed group consumed more feed than the ginger and fennel groups in trial 1, showing that anise at 0.05% improved palatability of broiler diets. Sturkie (1986) concluded that birds have the ability to distinguish between diets differing in tastes. Increasing the anise level to 0.1% and starting the trial on day 5 of age had no effect on growth, but improved FCR insignificantly by 1.92%, and this was related to the 2.97% decrease in feed intake of the anise fed group in contrary to the results of trial 1 (Tables 1 and 2). Probably, the enhancing effect of anise on growth and FCR of broilers was due to its carminative, spasmolytic, and expectorant effects (Zepernick et al., 1984). Similarly, Sabria and Metha (1990) found that the herbal mixture Livol 1 improved weight gains, FCR, and reduced mortality rate of broiler chicks. Also, different responses among various types and levels of medicinal plants used as growth promoting substance in broiler diets were shown by Abaza (2001). Nevertheless, Vogt et al. (1989) observed that clove, caraway, coriander, of the same family fed herein, did not influence growth of broiler chicks and had no effect on the taste of broiler meat. The lack of fennel effects on growth and FCR of broilers is in partial agreement with the results of Nichita et al. (1984). They found that fennel residue at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% in the diet for growing chickens resulted in daily gain of 85.3, 80.8 and 85.9 g, respectively, and FCR was lowest for chickens given 0.5% fennel. The synergetic effect between or among different spices used herein was studied in trial 3 with the anticipation that Table 1. Effect 0.05% of anise, fennel, and ginger on growth performance, carcass criteria and meat quality of broiler chicks (Trial 1) Einfluss von 0.05% Anis, Fenchel oder Ingwer auf Wachstum und Schlachtkörpermerkmale von Broilern (Versuch 1) Control Ginger Fennel Initial body weight d 12, g NS Body weight d 47, g 1199 ḅ 1396 ạ 1251 ḅ 1238 ḅ Weight gain d 12 to 47, g 1001 ḅ 1208 ạ 1064 ḅ 1050 ḅ Total feed intake, g FCR d 12 to 47, g feed/g gain NS Dressing, % NS Abdominal fat, % NS Liver, % NS Spleen, % NS Pancreas, % NS a, b Means within the same line with no common superscripts differ significantly at P 0.05.

3 94 EL-DEEK et al., Effect of anise, ginger and fennel on performance of broilers Table 2. Effect 0.1% of anise, ginger and fennel on growth performance, carcass criteria and meat quality of broiler chicks (Trial 2) Einfluss von 0.1% Anis, Fenchel oder Ingwer auf Wachstum, Schlachtkörpermerkmale und Merkmale der Fleischqualität von Broilern (Versuch 2) Control Ginger Fennel Initial body weight d 5, g NS Body weight d 47, g NS Weight gain d 5 to 47, g NS Total feed intake, g NS FCR d 5 to 47, g feed/g gain NS Dressing, % NS Abdominal fat, % NS Liver, % NS Spleen, % NS Pancreas, % NS Chemical compositions of fresh meat, % Crude protein NS Ether extract 4.81 bc 3.81 c 6.25 ab 6.62 a a, b, c Means within the same line with no common superscripts differ significantly at P they would improve performance over the control or single spices. However, results indicated that using two or three way mixtures of anise, ginger and fennel had no additive effects on growth compared to the control group. Nonetheless, FCR was slightly improved by 2.9% as a result of supplementation with a mixture of 0.1% anise, ginger and fennel and this was a reflection of the 2.1% reduction in feed intake, although this was not statistically significant (Table 3). Similarly, Abaza (2001) reported a synergetic effect among nigella sativa seed and chamomile flowers or harmala seeds in growth performance of broiler chicks, and this was correlated with improving digestibility of nutrients. The lack of effect of different types and levels of spices on moralities in trial 1 to 3 is similar to the results of Abou Egla et al. (1995) and Abaza (2001). Table 3. Effect 0.1% mixture of anise, fennel, and ginger on growth performance, carcass criteria and meat quality of broiler chicks (Trial 3) Einfluss von 0.1% Mischungen aus Anis, Fenchel oder Ingwer auf Wachstum, Schlachtkörpermerkmale und Merkmale der Fleischqualität von Broilern (Versuch 3) Control þ Ginger Ginger þ Ginger Initial body weight d 5, g NS Body weight d 47, g NS Weight gain d 5 to 47, g Total feed intake, g NS FCR d 13 to 47, g feed/g gain NS Dressing, % NS Abdominal fat, % NS Heart, % NS Liver, % NS Spleen, % NS Pancreas, % NS Chemical compositions and optical density of fresh meat, % Crude protein NS Ether extract NS Optical density of meat 0.04 b 0.02 c 0.05 a 0.02 c 0.03 bc a, b, c Means within the same line with no common superscripts differ significantly at P 0.05.

4 EL-DEEK et al., Effect of anise, ginger and fennel on performance of broilers 95 Most herbs and spices contain various chemicals as part of their intercellular composition and these chemicals have the ability to help animals stay healthy when fed and may extend shelf life of animal products when treated with them (Ziauddin et al., 1996; Dickens et al., 2000; Hee- Jeong et al., 2001). When animals are fed these plants at a reasonable amount based on their active substances (chemical and phytochemical extracts) they may give the animals similar protections as afforded by the plant. For example, sophora flavescens increased the survival rates, body weight gains and decreased bloody diarrhoea symptoms, lesion scores, and oocyst excretion in Arbor Acres broilers (HeeJeong et al., 2001). This may extend the use of some medicinal plants as therapeutic agents (Unnikrishnan and Kuttan, 1990). However, in the literature contradictory reports about the effectiveness of different herbs, spices and medicinal plants as bio nutrients or digestion enhancers exist, which could be attributed to the family of plants, method of drying these plants as these plants contain different amounts of violate oils and active substances, and/or to the kind of product used (oils, leaves, etc....), to dosage, as well as to the method of rearing the broilers (floors vs. battery) and/or to the age when the experiment started or the duration of feeding. Dressing, internal organs, protein and ether extract and optical density of meat Dressing and proportions of internal organs of broilers fed various types of natural spices at different dosages (0.05% Trial 1; 0.10% Trial 2) and as a mixture (Trial 3) were close to the control values indicating no effect of the experimental treatments (Tables 1, 2, and 3). Abou Egla et al. (1995) and Abaza (2001) found similar results. Crude protein or ether extract of meat was not affected by treatments in trials 1 and 3 (Table 1 and 3). However, in trial 2 fennel supplementation at 0.1% significantly increased fat content of the meat (ether extract) compared to the control group, while anise supplementation at 0.1% significantly decreased fat of broiler meat compared to fennel and ginger supplemented groups (Table 2). This may be due to higher amount of fat in fennel (7%) and/or due to increasing bile salts secretion of ginger supplementeddiets which may increase assimilation of fat. These results are similar to those reported by Grela et al. (1998) who found that herb mixture containing great nettle (Urtica dioica), lyophilized garlic (Allium sativum) and bulbs and rhizomes of wheat-grass (Agropyron repens) in piglets diets increased percentage of subcutaneous fat in the ham, indicating that herbs can influence fat retention and distribution in animal tissues. In trial 3, results indicated that optical density as an indication of colour score of anise plus fennel supplemented group was significantly higher than that of the control group as well as other experimental groups. Similarly, Fritz et al. (1999) found that the herb supplement Milfoil (Melissa, St. John s Wort or Nettle) slightly increased the red and yellow colour of the skin compared to the control. Also, Abaza (2001) noticed significant differences among medicinal plants in meat colour as scored by panelists. Conclusions The present paper has stated some distinct effects of herbs on performance of broilers. But, the impact of anise as well as other herbs, spices and medicinal plants as alternative growth enhancers in poultry diets needs more investigation. Summary The objective of this preliminary work was to evaluate the impact of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) fed at 0.05% in trial 1, and at 0.1% in trial 2 and at 0.1% mixtures of each two or three species in trial 3, as compared to the unsupplemented control group on growth performance of broilers. In trial 1 anise at 0.05% improved weight gains significantly by 19.1% and feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 10.9% compared to the control group, and only FCR by 1.92% in trial 2. Supplementations with anise, ginger and fennel at levels of 0.05% or 0.1%, singly or as a mixture, had no significant effect on dressing and percentage of body organs in trials 1 to 3. Fat content of broiler meats was significantly decreased when anise was supplemented at 0.1% in trial 2. In trial 3, colour intensity was significantly improved when a mixture of 0.1% of anise plus fennel was supplemented to broiler diets. In conclusion, the effects of anise as an alternative environmental friendly feed additive in broiler diets should be retested in middle- or large-scale experiments. Keywords Broiler, nutrition, feed additives, spices, anise, fennel, ginger, growth, dressing, fat content Zusammenfassung Einfluss von Anis (Pimpinella anisum), Ingwer (Zingiber officionale roscoe) und Fenchel (Foeniculum vulgare) sowie ihrer Mischungen auf die Leistung von Broilern Das Ziel dieser ersten Untersuchung war, die Effekte von Anis (Pimpinella anisum), Ingwer (Zingiber officionale roscoe) und Fenchel (Foeniculum vulgare), die einzeln in Höhe von 0,05% (Versuch 1) oder 0,1% (Versuch 2) sowie in Kombination (zwei bzw. drei Gewürze) in Höhe von 0,1% (Versuch 3) den Rationen zugegeben waren, auf das Wachstum von Masthühnern im Vergleich zu einer unsupplementierten Kontrollgruppe zu untersuchen. In Versuch 1 hat eine Zulage von 0,05% Anis im Vergleich zur Kontrolle die Zunahmen signifikant um 19,1% und die Futterverwertung um 10,9% verbessert. In Versuch 2 betrug die Verbesserung der Futterverwertung bei einer Zulage von 0,1% Anis nur 1,92%. Die Verwendung von Anis, Ingwer und Fenchel in Zulagehöhen von 0,05% oder 0,1% bzw. die kombinierte Zulage in Höhe von 0,1% hatte keinen nachweisbaren Effekt auf die Ausschlachtung und den Anteil der inneren Organe in allen Versuchen. Der Fettgehalt des Fleisches war bei einem Zusatz von 0,1% Anis in Versuch 2 signifikant niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe. In Versuch 3 war die Farbintensität des Fleisches beim kombinierten Einsatz von Anis und Fenchel (0,1%) signifikant besser als in den anderen Behandlungen. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse interessante wachstumssteigernde Effekte für Anis in der Broilerfütterung, die in weiteren Untersuchungen verifiziert werden sollten. Stichworte Broiler, Fütterung, Futterzusatzstoffe, Gewürze, Anis, Fenchel, Ingwer, Wachstum, Schlachtausbeute, Fettgehalt References Abaza, I. M., 2001: The use of some medicinal plants as feed additives in broiler diets. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.

5 96 EL-DEEK et al., Effect of anise, ginger and fennel on performance of broilers Abou Egla, El-Samra, H., Y. A. Attia, A. A. El-Deek and Mafret. Saleh El-Din, 1995: Growth promoting influence of some herbs on performance and carcass quality of broilers and ducklings. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 20, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC, 1990: Official Methods of Analysis, 15 Edn, Washington, DC., USA. Bakhiet, A. O. and S. E. I. Adam, 1996: Effect of Ambrosia maritima L.on Bovans-type chicks. J. of Herbs, and Medicinal plants 4(3), Damme, K., 1999: Natural enhancers could replace antibiotics in turkey feed. World Poultry, 15(9), Dickens, J. A., M. E. Berrang and N. A. Cox, 2000: Efficacy of an herbal extract on the microbiological quality of broiler carcasses during a simulated chill. Poult. Sci. 79, Duncan, D. B. 1955: The Multiple Range and Multiple F. Test. ometrics. 11, Fritz, Z., A. Schleicher, S. Kinal, L. Jarosz and F. Majdanski, 1993: Herbs in feed mixtures for broilers. Vitamine und weitere Zusatzatoffe bei Mensch und Tier: 4 Symposium edited by G. Flachowsky and R. J. Schubert, Friedrich Schiller Universitat, Germany. Fritz, Z., S. Kinal and A. Schleicher, 1999: Evaluation of some carcass and meat quality traits of broilers receiving aqueous herb extracts for drinking. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, Agriculture, (36) Grela, E. R., R. Krusinska and J. Matras, 1998: Efficacy of diets with antibiotic and herb mixture additives in feeding of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7 (suppl 1), HeeJeong, Y., Noh-JaeWuk, Youn-H. J. and Noh-J. W., 2001: Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella. Veterinary-Parasitology 96 4: Huang, Y. F., H. I. Ma, D. F. Wu, J. I. Zhou, K. S. Zhou and Z. Y. Qi, 1992: Effect of Chinese medicinal herbs additives on the growth of broilers. J. Fujian Agric. College 21(1), Husaini, S. A., F. B. Deartherage and L. E. Kunlkle, 1950: Studies on meat. II. Observations on relation of biochemical factors to change in tenderness. Feed Technol. 4, National Research Council (NRC), 1994: Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th edn., National Academy Press. Washington, Dc., Usa. Nichita, G., H. Sarandan, O. Padeanu and V. Cocean, 1984: Extracted seeds of fennel in animal feeding. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews ser B. 54, Pachori, S. B., A. K. Maheshwari and R. M. Pachori, 1989: Effect of feeding (Zingiber officinale) ginger on serum and urinary sodium levels in albino rabbits. Indian J. of Nutrition and Dietetics 26, SAS Institute, 1985: SAS-User s Guide: Statistics. Version 5th Edn., SAS Institute Inc., Cary, Nc., Usa. Sabria, K. L. and R. K. Meht, 1990: A comparative study on additive of livol 1 a herbal growth promoter and some chemical growth promoters in the diets of broiler chickens. Indian J. of Animal Prod. and Management 6, Sturkie, P. D., 1986: Avian Physiology, 4th edn. Published by Springer-Verlag, New York, Usa. Unnikrishnan, M. C. and R. Kuttan, 1990: Tumor reducing and anticarcinogenic activity of selected spices. Cancer Lett. 51 1: Vogt, H. and H. W. Rauch, 1991: Essential oils in broiler diets. Landbauforschung Volkenrode 41(2), Vogt, H., S. Harnisch, H. W. Rauch and G. Heil, 1989: Dried natural spices in broiler rations. Arch.Geflügelk. 53, Zepernick, B., L. Langhommer und J. B. P. Lüdcke, 1984: Lexikon der offiziellen arzneip flanzen. De Gruyter, Berlin, New York. Ziauddin, K. S., H. S. Rao and Fairoze Nadeen, 1996: Effect of organic acid and spices on quality and shelf-life of meats at ambient temperature. J. of Food Sci. and Tech. 33, Correspondence: Dr. Youssef A. Attia, Ass. Professor of Poultry Nutrition, Damnhour Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Production, Damnhour, 22516, Egypt; yfat_alexu40@hotmail.com Buchbesprechung Lexikon der Landwirtschaft Ingrid Alsing, Lexikon der Landwirtschaft, Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart, 4. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, unzählige überwiegend farbige Abbildungen, 909 Seiten, Preis 89,90 Euro, ISBN Die 4. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage des,lexikon der Landwirtschaft ist eine Neuauflage des Klassikers der BLV-Verlagsgesellschaft mbh, München, die durch die immer schnelleren Veränderungen und Neuerungen erst 10 Jahre nach der letzten Auflage erforderlich wurde. In der Neuauflage sind insbesondere die neuen Erkenntnisse zu den ökologischen Alternativen zur konventionellen Landwirtschaft, zur artgemäßen Tierhaltung und zum biologischen Pflanzenschutz eingearbeitet worden. Sie dokumentieren so auch klar den eingetretenen Strukturwandel in der Landwirtschaft. Bei der Ûberarbeitung wurde die Autorin wieder durch ein Spezialistenteam unterstützt. Das vorliegende Lexikon dient der schellen und fundierten Information bei der täglichen Arbeit. Die aufgenommenen Stichworte umfassen zwar überwiegend die Bereiche pflanzliche Erzeugung, tierische Erzeugung mit Großtieren, Technik und Betriebswirtschaft, aber auch das Geflügel wurde nicht vergessen. So sind z. B. in letzterem Bereich Stichworte zu finden zu Broilern, Hühnerhaltung und Hühnerrassen. Ferner wird ein Brückenschlag zur Fütterung unternommen. Stichworte zum Kaninchen sind allerdings nicht enthalten. Dafür gibt es aber Ausführungen zum Kannibalismus bei Legehennen, zum Kapaunisieren oder zur Perosis. Interessant war ferner, dass im Zusammenhang mit der Fütterung unter dem Stichwort,Pellet kein Verweis auf pelletiertes Futter gefunden wurde, sondern nur die,heißlufttrocknung beschrieben wurde, die z. B. bei der Herstellung von Graspellets verwendet wird. Das Lexikon der Landwirtschaft ist sicher kein Fachbuch für die Geflügelerzeugung, aber es ist auf jeden Fall ein sehr wertvolles Nachschlagewerk für alle Personen, die in der Landwirtschaft tätig sind. Es verdient mit Sicherheit das Prädikat,sehr empfehlenswert. M. A. Grashorn