The role of chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases in viral meningitis

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The role of chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases in viral meningitis Author(s): Lahrtz, Fritz Publication Date: 1997 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 1 Diss. ETH No The Role of Chemokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Viral Meningitis A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZÜRICH for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Fritz Lahrtz Dipl. Natw. ETH born Citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. U. Suter, cxaminer Prof. Dr. A. Fontana, co-examiner 1997

3 3 1. Zusammenfassung Die infektiöse Meningitis ist eine vorwiegend durch Bakterien oder Viren hervorgerufene Entzündung der Meningen und des Plexus choroideus Die Krankheit ist charakterisiert durch eine Einwanderung von Zellen des Immunsystems in diese Gewebe Die eingewanderten Leukozyten finden sich auch im Liquor cerebrospinalis, welcher durch den Subarachnoidalraum und das Ventrikelsystem fliesst Um in den Liquorraum zu gelangen, müssen die Leukozyten die Blut-Liquorschranke überwinden, die hauptsächlich aus Endothelzellen und Basalmembran besteht Bei viraler Meningitis werden im Laufe der Krankheit vorwiegend Monozyten und aktivierte T-Lymphozyten im Liquor gefunden, zu Beginn der Krankheit findet man auch Neutrophile Die Einwanderung der Leukozyten konnte auf im Liquorsystem gebildete Chemokine, einer Untergruppe von kleinen löslichen Proteinen der großen Zytokinfamihe, zurückzuführen sein, da Leukozyten in der Lage sind, entlang des Konzentrationsgradienten eines Chemokins zu wandern, sofern sie den Rezeptor für dieses Chemokin auf ihrer Zelloberflache exprimieren Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war, die Rolle der Chemokine bei der Einwanderung von Zellen in den Liquorraum bei viraler Meningitis zu untersuchen Dazu wurde zum einen die Konzentration an Chemokinen in den Liquores von Patienten bestimmt Zum anderen wurde die Fähigkeit der Liquores untersucht, in vitro eine Migration verschiedener Subtypen von Leukozyten auszulosen Es konnte dann gezeigt werden, daß die im Liquor vorhandenen Chemokine für die chemotaktische Aktivität der Liquores verantwortlich sind Im Liquor von Patienten mit viraler Meningitis konnten Chemokine, die spezifisch die in den Liquores gefundenen Subtypen an Immunzellen anziehen können, nachgewiesen werden Dabei wurde IL-8 als für die Einwanderung von Neutrophilen entscheidendes Chemokin identifiziert, da die Konzentration an IL-8 mit der Anzahl an Neutrophilen in den Liquores der Patienten korrelierte und Antikörper gegen IL-8 die chemotaktische Aktivität in vitro von Liquor für Neutrophile signifikant reduzierten Die Liquores waren auch chemotaktisch aktiv für Monozyten und aktivierte T-Zellen MCP-1 war wichtig für die chemotaktische Aktivität für Monozyten, wahrend MCP-1 und IP-10 entscheidend waren für die chemotaktische Aktivität der Liquores für aktivierte T-Zellen Andere Chemokine, von denen bekannt ist, daß sie bei bakterieller Meningitis chemotaktisch aktiv für im Liquor gefundenen Leukozyten sind, konnten bei Patienten mit viraler Meningitis interessanterweise nicht gefunden werden Dies deutet auf eine bei dieser Krankheit selektive Rolle von IL-8, MCP-I und IP-10 bei der Einwanderung von Immunzellen in den Liquorraum hin Bei dei Multiplen Sklerose (MS), einer dcmyehnisierenden, entzündlichen Autoimmunkiankhcit, ist der Ort der Entzündung die weiße Substanz in Hirn und Ruckenmaik, deren

4 4 Myelinscheide wahrend der Krankheit durch Lymphozyten, Makrophagen und Antikörper gegen Myelin angegriffen und zerstört wird Dabei infiltrieren Leukozyten das ZNS Parenchym Da sich die Entzündung typischerweise paraventnkular abspielt, werden Immunzellen auch im Liquor gefunden, wenn auch in bedeutend geringerer Anzahl als bei viraler Meningitis Daher schien es uns interessant, die Konzentration an Chemokinen im Liquor von MS Patienten zu bestimmen Wir konnten jedoch im Liquor von Patienten mit MS keine erhöhten Chemokinspiegel feststellen Da von verschiedenen Gruppen die Expression von Chemokinen im Hirnparenchym beschrieben wurde, scheinen Chemokine Leukozyten spezifisch zum Ort der Infektion oder Entzündung zu locken, welcher im Fall von MS das Hirnparenchym und nicht, wie bei der infektiösen Meningitis, der Liquorraum ist Der Grund für das Auftreten einiger weniger Zellen im Liquor konnten eine lokal erhöhte Chemokinkonzentation im Liquor oder Schädigungen der Blut-Liquorschranke im Bereich der zellularen Infiltrate sein Die Überwindung der Blut-Liquorschranke durch Leukozyten bei viraler Meningitis schließt eine teilweise Zerstörung der Basalmembran, die an die Endothelzellschicht der Blutgefäße angrenzt, ein In der letzten Zeit zur Pathogenese anderer Entzundungs-krankeiten publizierte Arbeiten lassen den Schluß zu, daß Matrix Metalloproteinasen (MMPs) auch bei der Invasion von Leukozyten bei der viralen Meningitis eine Rolle spielen konnten Um die mögliche Bedeutung der MMPs bei viraler Meningits zu untersuchen, wurden im dritten Teil dieser Doktorarbeit die Konzentrationen an MMPs in Liquores von Patienten mit viraler Meningitis bestimmt Es konnte ein erhöhter MMP-9 Spiegel festgestellt werden, andere MMPs wie MMP- 1, MMP-2 und MMP-8 waren nicht erhöht Interessanterweise war ebenfalls die Konzentration an TIMP-1, einem Protein, daß die MMP-9 Aktivität reguliert, erhöht Zusammengefaßt weisen die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse darauf hin, daß sowohl Chemokine wie auch Martnxmetalloproteinasen am Krankheitsverlauf der viralen Meningitis beteiligt sind

5 5 2. Summary Infectious meningitis mainly provoqued by bactena and viruses is an lnflammation of the meninges and the choroid plexus Thereby, these tissues are invaded by cells of the immune system Inflammatory leukocytes are also found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which flows through the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system Dunng the process of invasion, the cells have to pass the blood-csf-barner consisting mainly of endothelial cells and the basal membrane In viral meningitis mainly monocytes and activated T lymphocytes invade the CSF compartment Neutrophils are observed in the CSF at early stages of the disease Influx of the cells may be guided by the expression of selective chemokines in the CSF or the surroundmg endothelial and parenchymal cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS) Chemokines are a family of small cytokmes which show chemotactic activity for cells of the immune system because Leukocytes are able to migrate along the concentration gradient of chemokines lf they express the receptors for the chemokines on their surface The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of chemokines in the invasion of inflammatory cells into the CSF compartment in viral meningitis Chemokine levels in the CSF of the patients were measured, and chemotactic activity of CSF for different leukocyte Subtypes was determined This chemotactic activity was then correlated to the occurence of chemokines in the CSF Chemokines chemotactically active for the different Subtypes of inflammatory cells found in the CSF of patients with viral meningitis were detected in the CSF IL-8 was identified as a major contnbutor to the invasion of neutrophils, as IL-8 levels in the CSF correlated with the number of neutrophils found in the CSF of the patients and antibodies against IL-8 significantly inhibited chemotactic activity of the CSF for neutrophils in vitro CSF were also chemotactically active for monocytes and activated T cells MCP-1 was important for the chemotactic activity on monocytes, while MCP-1 and IP-10 together mediated chemotactic activity on activated T cells Interestingly, other chemokines known in bactenal meningits to be chemotactic active for the types of leukocytes found in the CSF of the patients were not identified in the majonty of the CSF from patients with viral meningitis, which points to a selective role of IL-8, MCP-1 and IP-10 in the inflammation in viral meningitis In multiple sclerosis, a demyehnating inflammatory autoimmune disease, the place of inflammation is the white matter of brain and spinal cord Dunng MS the myelin sheet of the nerve fibers is attacked by lymphocytes, macrophages and autoreactive antibodies against myelin Leukocytes, mainly activated T cells, invade the brain parenchyma MS is mainly a

6 6 paraventncular disease, therefore, inflammatory leukocytes are also found in the CSF, but to a sigmficant lesser extent than in viral meningitis Though lt was interesting for us to measure chemokine levels in the CSF of patients with MS, too In contrast to viral meningitis, no elevated chemokine concentrations were detectable in these CSF As data from different groups point to an expression of chemokines in the brain parenchyma dunng MS, chemokines seem to attract leukocytes specifically to the place of infection or inflammation, which is, in case of MS, the brain parenchyma and not the CSF compartment as in viral meningitis The reason for the presence of a small number of leukocytes in the CSF of MS patients may be either locally elevated chemokine concentrations or damages of the blood-csf-barrier at the place of the cellular Infiltrates Passing the blood-csf-barrier in viral meningitis by inflammatory cells includes a degradation of the basal membrane underlying the endothelial cell layer Based on the results pubhshed previously about the pathogenesis of other inflammatory diseases, matnx metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play a role in viral meningitis To examine the involvement of MMPs in viral meningitis, the concentrations of MMPs in the CSF of patients with viral meningitis were determined Elevated levels of MMP-9 were found in the CSF, other MMPs as MMP-1, MMP- 2 and MMP-8 were not induced Interestingly, the concentration of TIMP-1, a protein which regulates MMP-9 activity, was also increased in the CSF Taken together, the work presented in this thesis points to the involvement of both chemokines and matnx metalloproteinases in the onset and progression of viral meningitis and leads therefore to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease

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