Wind Energy Systems. - Present Status and Ecobalances - Hermann-Josef Wagner

Transkript

1 Wind Energy Systems - Present Status and Ecobalances - Hermann-Josef Wagner Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economy Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany lee@lee.rub.de University of Campinas, March

2 About Germany: Area: km 2 82 Million people Population density: 230 cap / km 2 Reunification: 1990 GDP: US $ / cap Conventional capacity power stations: 84 GW Wind power stations: 31 GW Photovoltaic areas: about 31 GW Energy policy: Enforcement of renewable, facing out nuclear, facing out German coal mining Map of Europe some facts about Germany 2

3 Structure of my presentation Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Present status of wind energy use Cumulated Energy and Ecobalances Results of the wind park alpha ventus 3

4 Electricity from wind energy Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Status of installed wind power Rated Capacity End of 2011 [GW] Share worldwide [%] China USA Germany 29 (end of 2012: 31) 12 Spain 22 9 India 16 7 Italy 7 3 France 7 3 UK 7 3 Canada 5 2 Portugal 4 2 Remaining countries Total 239 (end of 2012: 280) 100 Source: DEWI Magazin, February 2012, ISSN , p

5 Structure of my presentation Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Present status of wind energy use Cumulated Energy and Ecobalances Results of the wind park alpha ventus 5

6 Example of Process-Chain-Analysis Final Product: Aluminium Component 6

7 Process chain for final energy carrier Example: Overall Efficiencies of Supply for final energy carrier Problem: different forms of energy must be made comparable. Electricity, oil-products, etc. are count back on primary energy with typical (country-specific) process chains. Coal production η = 0,93 à Primary energy Power station η = 0,39 Electrical network η = 0,95 Electricity 1 kwh à Final energy The primary energy equivalent of electricity is 2,90 kwh (Overall Efficiencies of Supply g el ). Overall Efficiencies of Supply: gelectricity total 1 about chain Crude oil extraction η = 0,96 à Primary energy Transport η = 0,99 Refinery η = 0,93 Fuel oil 1 kwh à Final energy The primary energy equivalent of oil is 1,13 kwh (Overall Efficiencies of Supply g oil ). Comment: If there are enough information, you can devide the primary energy equivalent in a fossil, regenerative and nuclear share. 7

8 Assembling of a wind converter by Nordex AG Source: Nordex AG 8

9 Possible effect-classes and -indicators in Life Cycle Analysis (1) Effect-Class Massflow Effect Indicator (load factor) Energy resource Energy consumption All forms of energy count back on primary energy equivalent (CED); if possible differentiate between fossil, nuclear & renewable Water- and Air-Pollution Pollutants in effluents and air Waste volume Solid waste Critical Volume (Emission devided by critical value = dilutionsvolume ) Volume, subdivided into default classes e.g. solids dump, domestic waste dump, hazardous waste dump Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion Photooxidants Climate-damaging gases e.g. CO 2, N 2 O, CFC CFC Gases, which add to photochemical ozone production (CO, NO, NO 2, C x H y ) Conversion by Global-Warming-Potential-Factors (GWP) into CO 2 -Equivalent Conversion by Ozone-Depleting-Potential-Factors (ODP) on R11 Conversion by Effect-factors on kg ethylene (C 2 H 4 )-equivalent (POCP) 9

10 Possible effect-classes and -indicators in Life-Cycle Analysis (2) Effect-Class Soil acidification Massflow Air emissions, which add to acidification Effect Indicator (load factor) Conversion of emissions (SO 2, NO x, NH 3, O 3 ) by effect-factors into kg-sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )- equivalent (AP). The disposal potential of H + - ionic is used as reference. Eutrophication Fertilizing emissions in water, soil and air Conversion by effect-factors into kg-phosphate (PO 4 )-equivalent (EP) Humantoxicity Emissions with effects on human health Conversion by effect-factors into equivalent number kg-bodyweight (amount pollutant [kg] devided by toxicological limit [mg/kg]) (HTP) The limits are different between the absorption by water, air und foodstuff Problem: resilient numbers for limits Ecotoxicity Emission with effects on the stability of ecosystems Analog humantoxicity with equivalent number kg-soil/water Problem: resilient numbers for limits 10

11 Structure of my presentation Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Present status of wind energy use Cumulated Energy and Ecobalances Results of the wind park alpha ventus 11

12 Planned offshore windparks and cable lines in Germany (North Sea, beginning of 2011) The dark yellow projects are in operation (alpha ventus was the first), the soft yellow projects should be go in operation until

13 Windpark alpha-ventus Doti

14 Life Cycle Analysis wind park alpha ventus Reference system 12 Wind energy converter, each 5 MW Operation time 20 years Lifetime foundation 20 years Capacity Factor 45% (load duration 3900 h/a): incl. maintenance- and failure times, power consumption of WEC and transmission platform inside wind park Maintenance and services: Change of 1/2 gearbox per station and operation time Change of 1,25 rotor blades per station and operation time 120 helicopter transports per year for the wind park 180 ship transports per year for the wind park 14

15 Fundaments for windmills for the windpark alpha ventus Doti

16 Jackets 16

17 Photo: Helmut Müller; Sonne, Wind und Wärme 4/2012 Repair of corrosion protection 17

18 Results wind park alpha ventus CED Life Cycle and use time CED over life cycle alpha ventus TJ PE-Equiv. Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Disposal 1,2% Use 20,4% Ship operation 70,4% CED Use alpha ventus 471 TJ PE-Equiv. Production 78,4% Change of gearboxes 6,4% Helicopter operation 11,6% Oil change 3,0% Change of rotor blades 6,3% Transport and Installation 2,2% 18

19 Results wind park alpha ventus GWP Life Cycle and use time GWP over life cycle alpha ventus t CO 2 -Equiv. Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Disposal 1,2% Use 21,5% Ship operation 72,0% GWP Use alpha ventus t CO 2 -Equiv. Production 77,3% Change of gearboxes 6,0% Change of rotor blades 6,2% Helicopter operation 11,5% Transport and Oil Change Installation 2,1% 2,2% 19

20 Primary energy demand (CED) for Production, Operation, Disposal Gained or substituted Primary energy equivalent Energy Payback Time (EPT) Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft operational phase disposal Energy Payback Time (EPT): EPT Time of earning = + + Substituted fossil energy Energy supply for construction, operating and disposal construction phase Start of construction Start-up End of operating 20

21 Energy and CO2 Payback Time Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Case Scenario Produced Electricity about 20a EPT (VDI 4661 definition) CO 2 AZ VDI A Reference system GWh 8,8 Month 9,1 Month B Lifetime foundation 40 a GWh 6,1 Month 6,3 Month C Capacity Factor 41% GWh 9,5 Month 9,9 Month D Capacity Factor 48% GWh 8,1 Month 8,5 Month E F Maintenance cut in halve Windpark beta 40 Wind energy converter same cable and transformer GWh 8,7 Month 9,1 Month GWh 7,4 Month 7,7 Month Reference System: 12 WEC - Lifetime Foundation 20 a load duration 3900 h/a Maintenance: ½ Gearbox, 15 Rotorplates, 120 Helicopter, 180 Ship transports 21

22 Classification of the results Comparison with German Power Mix (uniform ranking) CED [kwh PE-Eqv./kWh] 3,007 AP [mg SO2-Eqv./kWh] GWP [g CO2-Eqv./kWh] 215 0, POCP [mg C2H4-Eqv./kWh] EP [mg PO4-Eqv./kWh] HTP [g DCB-Eqv./kWh] German Power Mix High-Voltage Grid alpha ventus 22

23 Conclusions The use of wind energy is worldwide growing Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Wind energy is very material intensive that needs energy emissions Ecobalances give information about sustainability The energetic and CO 2 payback time for wind parks is about one year and less Electricity from wind is much more sustainable as electricity from fossils A sustainability check must be part of every planning of new energy systems 23

24 Thank you for your attention 24

25 South North Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Sustainability approach and models Three dimensions - model Today Economy Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Environment Society Source: UN 1987 Brundtland Report Future Today South North Environment Society Economy Russian doll - model Future source: SIA 2000, modified source: Levett 1999, modified 25

26 Possible foundations of offshore wind converters Monopile until 20 m deep of water Steel- or concrete construction Gravity foundation until 10 m deep of water Steel- or concrete construction Tripod, Jacket more than 20 m deep of water Steel construction 26

27 Analysis example: Polar diagram with 5 indicators for two alternatives Result: The area of der Alternative A is bigger than Alternative B. So Alternative B is better. 14 PEQ [GJ] Waste [t] 6 5 CO 2 -Equiv. [t] H 2 O-Pollution [m 3 ] Ethylene-Equiv. [kg] 27