Probing dark matter with strong gravitational lensing

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Probing dark matter with strong gravitational lensing Author(s): Birrer, Simon Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO PROBING DARK MATTER WITH STRONG GRAVITATIONAL LENSING A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by SIMON BIRRER Master of Science in Physics ETH Zurich born on 3rd of February 1988 citizen of Ebikon LU and Luthern LU accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Alexandre Refregier Dr. Adam Amara Dr. Sherry Suyu 2016

3 Abstract The standard cosmological model is based on Einstein s theory of general relativity, dark matter, dark energy and inflation. To date, the physical origin of several of these ingredients remains a mystery. The aim of this thesis is to test this model by studying the nature of dark matter through its effects on small cosmological scales. As a first step, we construct a phenomenological description of the relationship between dark matter halos and the normal visible matter in galaxies. This is done by incorporating a prescription of baryonic physics into a dark matter merger tree. We then probe the physical properties of dark matter on sub-galactic scales using strong gravitational lensing. We develop a new method based on versatile basis sets to accurately model complex lensing and source structures. For the strong lens system RXJ this allows us to reconstruct a reliable high resolution image of the source. We also develop a new treatment of the mass-sheet degeneracy inherent in gravitational lensing. We use this to revisit the estimate of the Hubble constant from time-delay strong lensing. We find that the Hubble parameter H 0 estimate of the lens system RXJ is strongly sensitive to the dynamical model and the source scale prior and that it is consistent with current cosmic microwave background experiments. Refining our model further, we develop a new approximation scheme that enables an effective treatment of line-of-sight structures. This allows us to further constrain the connection between dark and visible matter. In addition, it yields constraints on the external shear around strong lensing system to sub-percent level precision. To probe the small scale structure formation and the nature of dark matter, we analyze the substructure content of strong lenses statistically through extensive forward modeling. We find that the abundance of substructure in the strong lens RXJ is consistent with a cold dark matter particle scenario. A lower bound on the free streaming mass of a possible dark matter particle can be set to about 2keV. The precision gain by these new techniques and results shed new light on the distribution of dark matter, its physical nature and its relation to visible matter. These results, combined with the upcoming high resolution instruments, offer great prospects for the high-precision study of dark matter and other sectors of the standard cosmological model with strong lensing. i

4 Zusammenfassung Das Standardmodel der Kosmologie basiert auf Einsteins Allgemeiner Relativitätstheory, Dunkler Materie, Dunkler Energie und der Inflation. Bis heute bleibt die physikalische Natur mehrerer dieser Bestandteile ein Rätsel. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, dieses Modell mit Hilfe des starken Gravitationslinseneffekts auf kleinen kosmologischen Skalen zu testen. In einem ersten Schritt erstellen wir eine phänomenologische Beziehung zwischen Dunkler Materie und der sichtbaren Materie in Galaxien. Dies wird durch das Zusammenfügen von Rezepten zur Beschreibung von baryonischer Physik und der hierarchischen Strukturbildung von Dunkler Materie realisiert. Wir testen dann die physikalischen Eigenschaften von Dunkler Materie in Sub-galaktischen Skalen mittels dem starken Gravitationslinseneffekt. Wir entwickeln eine neue Methode basierend auf vielseitigen Basisfunktionen zum akkuraten modellieren von komplexen Linsen und Quellenstrukturen. Für die Linse RXJ erlaubt uns dies eine verlässliche, hochauflösende Rekonstruktion der Quelle. Wir entwickeln auch ein neues Verfahren für die Mass-sheet Degeneration. Wir benutzen dieses zur Reanalyse der Messung der Hubble Konstante basierend auf Zeitverzögerungsmessungen in Gravitationslinsen. Wir finden, dass die Schätzung des Hubble Parameters H 0 für die Linse RXJ stark vom dynamischen Modell der Linse und vom Prior der Lengenskalen in der Quelle abhängt und dass die Messung mit den neuesten Experimente der Kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung überein stimmt. Weiter entwickeln wir eine neues Approximationsverfahren das eine effektive Beschreibung von zusätzlichen Effekten entlang des Lichtweges. Dies erlaubt uns weitere Einblicke in die Beziehung zwischen sichtbarer und unsichtbarer Masse. Zusätzlich führt dies zu einer Bestimmung des Scherungseffekts mit sub-prozent Genauigkeit. Für die Erforschung der Strukturbildung auf kleinen Skalen und der Dunklen Materie analysieren wir die Substruktur in Gravitationslinsen in einem statistischen Verfahren basiert auf extensiven Simulationen. Wir finden, dass die Häufigkeit von Substrukturen in der Linse RXJ konsistent mit dem Scenario der kalten Dunklematerieteilchen ist. Wir können eine untere Schranke auf die freie Ausbreitungslänge und der assoziierten Masse eines Teilchens mit 2keV angeben. iii

5 Der Gewinn an Präzission mit den neuen Verfahren und denen daraus hervorgehenden Resultate haben neue Erkenntnisse in die Verteilung von Dunkler Materie, deren Natur und der Beziehung zu der sichtbaren Materie hervorgebracht. Diese Resultate, in Kombination mit den kommenden hoch auflösbaren Instrumenten, ermöglichen gute Aussichten für sehr präzise Studien der Dunklen Materie und anderen Gebiete des Standard Models der Kosmologie mit dem starken Gravitationslinseneffekt. iv

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