HANDBUCH DER PHYSIK HERAUSGEGEBEN VON S. FLOCCE BAND LIII ASTROPHYSIK IV: STERNSYSTEME MIT 189 FIGUREN S P R IN G E R -VERLA G BERLIN GOTTINGEN. HEIDELBERG 1959
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICS EDITED BY S. FLUGGE VOLUME LIII ASTROPHYSICS IV: STELLAR SYSTEMS WITH 189 FIGURES SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN GOTTINGEN. HEIDELBERG 1959
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-45934-4 e-isbn-13: 978-3-642-45932-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-45932-0 Aile Rechte, insbesondere das der Dbersetzung in fremde Sprachen, vorbehaiten. Ohne ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf photomechanischem Wege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) zu vervieifaitigen. by Springer-Verlag OHG. Berlin Giittingen Heidelberg 1959 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1959 Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annabme, dab solehe Namen im Sinn der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten waren und daher von jedermann benutzt werden diirften.
Inhaltsverzeichnis. Seite Kinematical Basis of Galactic Dynamics. By Dr. FRANK K. EDMONDSON, Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Goethe Link Observatory, Indiana University, Bloomington/Indiana (USA). (With 12 Figures)...... 1 I. General features of observed stellar motions. 3 II. Kinematical considerations........ 11 Galactic Dynamics. By Professor Dr. BERTIL LINDBLAD, Astronomer of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Director of Stockholm Observatory, Stockholm (Sweden). (With 20 Figures)............................. 21 I. Introduction........................... 21 II. Mass motions and velocity distribution in the gravitational field of the Galaxy........................... 24 III. Velocity distribution from statistics of differential orbital motions...'. 57 IV. The dispersion of stellar velocities as function of the time........ 73 V. The problem of spiral structure and problems concerning the evolution of the system. 86 General references............................ 99 Radio-frequency Studies of Galactic Structure. By Dr. JAN H. OORT, Professor of Astronomy, University of Leiden, and Director of the Observatory, Sterrewacht Leiden (Netherlands). (With 15 Figures). 100 Introduction... 100 1. General surveys. 100 2. Units...... 101 3. Origin of radiation 102 4. Thermal emission 102 5. Synchrotron radiation 104 6. Line emission.... 106 7. Distribution of neutral hydrogen. Spiral structure 107 8. Galactic rotation from observations...... 115 9. Distribution of ionized hydrogen........ 116 10. General radiation from the region close to the galactic plane. 119 11. Corona of radio emission around the Galactic System. 126 General references.... 128 Star Clusters. By Dr. HELEN SAWYER HOGG, Professor of Astronomy, University of Toronto, Research Associate, David Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill/Ontario (Canada). (With 29 Figures) 129 A. Introduction...... 129 B. Galactic clusters 132 I. Appearance and apparent distribution 132 II. Methods of distance determination.. 138 III. Stellar content.......... 140 IV. Color and spectrum luminosity diagrams, evolution and ages 144 V. Motions of stars..... 147 VI. Some well-known clusters. 149 a) Pleiades. 149 b) Praesepe....... 153
VI Inhaltsverzeichnis. Seite c) Coma Berenices........... 153 d) The double cluster in Perseus, hand" Persei. 154 e) Messier 11...... 155 f) Messier 67...... 156 g) "Crucis, the Jewel Box 157 VII. Moving clusters..... 157 VIII. Disruption with time... 160 IX. Nebulous and very young clusters 163 X. Stellar associations....... 165 C. Globular clusters.......... 166 I. Appearance and apparent distribution 166 II. Distance determinations.. 172 Ill. Content of globular clusters. 174 IV. Motions........ 185 V. Masses and densities.... 188 VI. Evolution, age and origin.. 190 VII. Relation to elliptical galaxies 192 VIII. Clusters associated with extragalactic systems. 193 Appendix A. Catalogue of galactic clusters 194 Appendix B. Catalogue of globular clusters 204 General references.......... 207 Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio Waves. By ROBERT HANBURY BROWN, Reader in Radio-Astronomy at the University of Manchester, Macclesfield/Cheshire (Great Britain). (With 15 Figures). 208 Introduction...... 208 A. Definitions and units 209 B. Techniques of observation 211 C. The radio observations. 215 D. Identification... 231 General references... 238 Radio Frequency Radiation from External Galaxies. By BERNARD Y. MILLS, Senior Principal Research Officer, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney/N.S.W. (Australia). (With 22 Figures) 239 Introduction..... 239 I. The Magellanic Clouds... 240 a) The H line radiation... 240 b) The continuum radiation. 245 c) Comparisons of optical and radio data. 248 II. Neighbouring bright galaxies..... 250 III. The radio emission of normal galaxies. 255 IV. Radio emission from clusters of galaxies 260 V. Radio galaxies 265 General references............. 274 Classification and Morphology of External Galaxies. By Dr. GERARD DE VAUCOULEURS, Research Associate, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge/Massachusetts (USA). (With 7 Figures)... 275 Introduction 275 1. Classification 276 II. Morphology. 287 a) Qualitative morphology 287 b) Quantitative morphology 303
Inhaltsverzeichnis. General Physical Properties of External Galaxies. By Dr. GERARD DE VAUCOULEURS, Research Associate, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge/Massachnsetts (USA). (With 36 Fignres) 311 Introduction....... 311 I. Optical properties..... 311 a) Photographic dimensions. 311 b) Integrated luminosities and colours 315 c) Luminosity and colonr distribution 319 d) Absorption, diffraction and polarisation 333 e) Spectra and energy distribution. 338 II. Mechanical properties.... 343 a) Rotation......... 343 b) Masses of individual galaxies 348 c) Mass luminosity ratio 360 Bibliography........... 366 Multiple Galaxies. By Dr. FRITZ ZWICKY, Professor of Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena/California (USA). (With 11 Figures) 373 I. Historical........... 373 II. Morphology of multiple galaxies......... 374 III. Permanent multiple galaxies.......... 375 IV. The kinematics and dynamics of multiple galaxies. Gravitational lenses 384 V. Colliding galaxies as radio sources 385 Bibliography... 389 Clusters of Galaxies. By Dr. FRITZ ZWICKY, Professor of Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena/California (USA). (With 5 Figures) 390 I. Introduction........ 390 II. Well known clusters of galaxies... 396 III. Structure of individual clusters... 397 IV. Kinematics and dynamics of clusters of galaxies. 406 V. Counts of clusters of galaxies in depth; numbers as a function of angular size.................. 408 VI. Distribution of clusters of galaxies in breadth............. 409 VII. Superclustering non-existent.................... 410 VIII. The universal redshift, extragalactic distances and the methodology of the study of clusters of galaxies. 411 Bibliography... 414 Large Scale Organization of the Distribution of Galaxies. By Dr. JERZY NEYMAN, Professor of Statistics, Director of the Statistical Laboratory, and Research Professor in the Institute for Basic Research in Science, and Dr. ELIZABETH L. SCOTT, Associate Professor, Statistical Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley/California (USA). (With 7 Fignres).................... 416 I. Introduction................. 416 II. Dynamical problem of infinite mass in infinite space 417 III. Theory of simple clustering of galaxies. 417 IV. Theory of multiple clustering of galaxies 443 General references............. 444 Distance and Time in Cosmology: The Observational Data. By Dr. GEORGE C. MCVIT TIE, Professor and Head of Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois (USA). (With l) Figures).................. 445 I. Observational methods of determining the distances of galaxies 447 II. Time and the age of the universe 485 Acknowledgments.. 488 General references.......... 488 VII Seile
VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Newtonsche und Einsteinsche Kosmologie. Von Professor Dr. OTTO H. L. HECKMANN, Direktor der Hamburger Sternwarte, und E.SCHUCKING, Hamburg-Bergedorf(Deutschland). (Mit 1 Figur)... 489 I. Einleitung...... 489 II. Newtonsche Kosmologie 491 III. Einsteinsche Kosmologie 499 Andere kosmologische Theorien. Von Professor Dr. OTTO H. L. HECKMANN, Direktor der Hamburger Sternwarte, und E. SCHUCKING, Hamburg-Bergedorf (Deutschland). 520 1. Dbersicht......... 520 2. Kosmologie und Mikrophysik..... 521 3. Jordansche Kosmologie........ 522 4. Die Theorie des stationaren Universums. 525 5. Milnesche Kosmologie. 530 6. Mathematischer Anhang 535 Literatur......... 537 Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch) 538 Subject Index (English-German). 552