Research Collection. Novel strategies for the site-specific chemical modification of therapeutic antibodies. Doctoral Thesis.

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Novel strategies for the site-specific chemical modification of therapeutic antibodies Author(s): Trüssel, Sabrina Marlene Publication Date: 2011 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss. ETH N NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR THE SITE-SPECIFIC CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by SABRINA MARLENE TRÜSSEL MSc ETH Born on December 26, 1979 Citizen of Sumiswald (BE) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Dario Neri, examiner Prof. Dr. Roger Schibli, co-examiner Zürich, 2011 I

3 1. SUMMARY Antibody fragments, such as single-chain Fv (scfvs) and diabody formats, are increasingly being considered for imaging and therapeutic applications. In this thesis, the chemical modification of such fragments is reported, allowing the adjustment of pharmacokinetic properties as well as the targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs. Both strategies rely on site-specific modification of antibody fragments, yielding homogenous, structurally defined products. Diabodies and scfvs are able to recognize their cognate antigen with high affinity and specificity and can be produced at high yields. However, they generally display rapid blood clearance profiles, because of their size, which falls below the renal filtration threshold. To overcome this limitation, the serum half-life of antibody fragments is often extended by chemical modification with polymers or by genetic fusion to albumin or albumin-binding peptides. In this thesis, an engineered C-terminal cysteine residue of diabody and scfv fragments was site-specifically and stoichiometrically modified with a small organic molecule capable of binding to serum albumin. The strategy was implemented using the antibody F8, specific to the alternatively spliced extra domain A of fibronectin (EDA), a tumor-associated antigen, and a maleimide derivative of the portable albumin-binding moiety 2-amino-6-(4-(4- iodophenyl)butanamido)hexanoic acid (Albu-tag), both of which were previously discovered and characterized in this group. Mouse experiments revealed a prolonged serum half-life of the Albu-tagged scfv and diabody fragments of approximately 1000 minutes, which corresponds to a 35-fold reduction of the blood clearance rate. Further, tumor antibody uptake was increased by a factor 10 with values of > 60% ID/g (percentage injected dose per gram) at optimal timepoints of 48 hours after injection. This Albu-tagging technology may represent a general strategy to increase circulation time and thus improve pharmacokinetic properties of small therapeutic proteins. The site-specific chemical modification of antibodies and antibody fragments represents a key step in the development of innovative antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The C-terminal cysteine residue of diabody fragments was selectively modified with a derivative of the dolastatin analogue cemadotin, containing a free thiol group (Cem-SH). The conjugation was performed by adding a leaving group to either the C-terminal cysteine of the diabodies or to Cem-SH, thus promoting a disulfide exchange and simultaneously forming a cleavable mixed disulfide conjugate. Both approaches resulted in a stoichiometric and nearly homogenous product (Db-SS-Cem) with full retention of immunoreactivity. Therapy experiments performed in tumor-bearing mice, however, showed only a weak inhibition of the tumor growth rate in mice treated with the conjugate Db-F8-SS-Cem targeting non-internalized EDA. Since no toxicity was observed as a result of the treatment, it is likely that better therapeutic effect may be obtained at higher doses. Nevertheless, the conjugation strategies implemented in this thesis present a novel, straightforward and direct way for the generation of ADCs and the 1

4 antitumor activity may be improved by increasing the concentration of ADC or by prolonging the circulation time of Db-F8-SS-Cem applying the Albu-tagging technology. 2

5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Kleine Fragmente von Antikörpern, wie die Formate scfv und Diabody, werden zunehmend attraktiv für bildgebende und therapeutische Anwendungen. In dieser Dissertation wird die chemische Modifikation von solchen Fragmenten vorgestellt, anhand derer sowohl pharmakokinetische Eigenschaften angepasst als auch Zytotostatika gezielt zum Tumorgewebe gelenkt werden können. Beide Modifikationen wurden in einer selektiven Art und Weise durchgeführt, wodurch homogene und strukturell definierte Produkte erhalten wurden. Diabodies und scfvs erkennen ihr Antigen mit hoher Affinität und Spezifität und können in grossen Mengen hergestellt werden. Sie werden jedoch aufgrund ihre kleinen Grösse schnell durch die Nieren aus dem Blut entfernt, was zu einer kurzen Halbwertszeit im Serum führt. Um diesen Nachteil zu beheben, werden Antikörper-Fragmente oft rekombinant mit Albumin oder Albumin-bindenden Peptiden fusioniert oder chemisch mit Polymeren modifiziert. In dieser Dissertation wurde ein Cystein am C-Terminus von Antikörper-Fragmenten eingebaut, wodurch die selektive und spezifische Modifikation der Fragmente mit einem kleinen organischen Molekül ermöglicht wurde. Für die Implementierung dieser Strategie wurde der Antikörper F8 verwendet, dessen Antigen, die alternativ gespleisste Extra Domäne A (EDA) von Fibronektin, mit neugebildeten Blutgefässen im Tumorgewebe assoziiert ist. Das Albumin bindende kleine organische Molekül (Albu-Tag) wurde mit einer Maleimidgruppe versehen und nachfolgend selektiv an das C-terminale Cystein von scfv und Diabody Fragmenten des Antikörpers F8 konjugiert. Mausexperimente zeigten eine deutlich verlängerte Halbwertszeit der Fragmente mit dem Albu-tag von ungefähr 1000 Minuten, was einer 35-fachen Reduktion der Clearance-Rate im Blut entspricht. Des weiteren wurde durch die längere Zirkulation der Fragmente im Blut die Akkumulation im Tumorgewebe um einen Faktor 10 erhöht und erreichte Werte von > 60% ID/g (Prozent der injizierten Dosis pro Gramm). Die hier präsentierte Technologie mit dem Albu-tag stellt eine generelle Strategie dar, um die Halbwertszeit von kleinen therapeutischen Proteinen zu verlängern und damit deren pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften zu verbessern. Zusätzlich gewinnt die selektive Modifikation von Antikörpern und Antikörper-Fragmenten auch in der Entwicklung von Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugaten an Bedeutung. Aus diesem Grund wurde das C-terminale Cystein von Fragmenten im Diabody-Format mit einem Thiol- Derivat des Dolastatin Analogon Cemadotin (Cem-SH) selektiv und direkt modifiziert. Die Konjugation wurde durchgeführt, indem eine Abgangsgruppe entweder an das C-terminale Cystein des Diabodies oder an die freie Thiolgruppe von Cem-SH angehängt wurde. Dadurch wurde der Disulfidaustausch vorangetrieben, der die verbindende und spaltbare Schwefelbrücke zwischen Cem-SH und dem Antikörper-Fragment bildet. Beide Ansätze wurden mit dem Diabody-Format des Antikörpers F8 erfolgreich ausgeführt und ergaben 3

6 stöchiometrische und nahezu homogene Produkte (Db-SS-Cem), ohne die Immunreaktivität des Antikörpers zu beeinträchtigen. Therapieexperimente in Mäusen mit Tumoren zeigten jedoch nur eine geringe Inhibition des Tumorwachstums, wenn die Mäuse mit dem Antikörper- Wirkstoff-Konjugat Db-F8-SS-Cem, welches an nicht-internalisierendes EDA bindet, behandelt wurden. Dennoch zeigt die hier präsentierte Konjugationsstrategie eine neuartige und geradlinige Methode für die Entwicklung von strukturell definierten Antikörper-Wirkstoff Konjugaten. Eine Erhöhung der Konjugatkonzentration oder die Verlängerung der Halbwertszeit der Konjugate durch Anhängen des Albu-tag stellen Möglichkeiten dar, wie die Resultate der Therapieexperimente verbessert werden können. 4

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