Research Collection. Novel strategies for the site-specific chemical modification of therapeutic antibodies. Doctoral Thesis.
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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Novel strategies for the site-specific chemical modification of therapeutic antibodies Author(s): Trüssel, Sabrina Marlene Publication Date: 2011 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library
2 Diss. ETH N NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR THE SITE-SPECIFIC CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by SABRINA MARLENE TRÜSSEL MSc ETH Born on December 26, 1979 Citizen of Sumiswald (BE) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Dario Neri, examiner Prof. Dr. Roger Schibli, co-examiner Zürich, 2011 I
3 1. SUMMARY Antibody fragments, such as single-chain Fv (scfvs) and diabody formats, are increasingly being considered for imaging and therapeutic applications. In this thesis, the chemical modification of such fragments is reported, allowing the adjustment of pharmacokinetic properties as well as the targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs. Both strategies rely on site-specific modification of antibody fragments, yielding homogenous, structurally defined products. Diabodies and scfvs are able to recognize their cognate antigen with high affinity and specificity and can be produced at high yields. However, they generally display rapid blood clearance profiles, because of their size, which falls below the renal filtration threshold. To overcome this limitation, the serum half-life of antibody fragments is often extended by chemical modification with polymers or by genetic fusion to albumin or albumin-binding peptides. In this thesis, an engineered C-terminal cysteine residue of diabody and scfv fragments was site-specifically and stoichiometrically modified with a small organic molecule capable of binding to serum albumin. The strategy was implemented using the antibody F8, specific to the alternatively spliced extra domain A of fibronectin (EDA), a tumor-associated antigen, and a maleimide derivative of the portable albumin-binding moiety 2-amino-6-(4-(4- iodophenyl)butanamido)hexanoic acid (Albu-tag), both of which were previously discovered and characterized in this group. Mouse experiments revealed a prolonged serum half-life of the Albu-tagged scfv and diabody fragments of approximately 1000 minutes, which corresponds to a 35-fold reduction of the blood clearance rate. Further, tumor antibody uptake was increased by a factor 10 with values of > 60% ID/g (percentage injected dose per gram) at optimal timepoints of 48 hours after injection. This Albu-tagging technology may represent a general strategy to increase circulation time and thus improve pharmacokinetic properties of small therapeutic proteins. The site-specific chemical modification of antibodies and antibody fragments represents a key step in the development of innovative antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The C-terminal cysteine residue of diabody fragments was selectively modified with a derivative of the dolastatin analogue cemadotin, containing a free thiol group (Cem-SH). The conjugation was performed by adding a leaving group to either the C-terminal cysteine of the diabodies or to Cem-SH, thus promoting a disulfide exchange and simultaneously forming a cleavable mixed disulfide conjugate. Both approaches resulted in a stoichiometric and nearly homogenous product (Db-SS-Cem) with full retention of immunoreactivity. Therapy experiments performed in tumor-bearing mice, however, showed only a weak inhibition of the tumor growth rate in mice treated with the conjugate Db-F8-SS-Cem targeting non-internalized EDA. Since no toxicity was observed as a result of the treatment, it is likely that better therapeutic effect may be obtained at higher doses. Nevertheless, the conjugation strategies implemented in this thesis present a novel, straightforward and direct way for the generation of ADCs and the 1
4 antitumor activity may be improved by increasing the concentration of ADC or by prolonging the circulation time of Db-F8-SS-Cem applying the Albu-tagging technology. 2
5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Kleine Fragmente von Antikörpern, wie die Formate scfv und Diabody, werden zunehmend attraktiv für bildgebende und therapeutische Anwendungen. In dieser Dissertation wird die chemische Modifikation von solchen Fragmenten vorgestellt, anhand derer sowohl pharmakokinetische Eigenschaften angepasst als auch Zytotostatika gezielt zum Tumorgewebe gelenkt werden können. Beide Modifikationen wurden in einer selektiven Art und Weise durchgeführt, wodurch homogene und strukturell definierte Produkte erhalten wurden. Diabodies und scfvs erkennen ihr Antigen mit hoher Affinität und Spezifität und können in grossen Mengen hergestellt werden. Sie werden jedoch aufgrund ihre kleinen Grösse schnell durch die Nieren aus dem Blut entfernt, was zu einer kurzen Halbwertszeit im Serum führt. Um diesen Nachteil zu beheben, werden Antikörper-Fragmente oft rekombinant mit Albumin oder Albumin-bindenden Peptiden fusioniert oder chemisch mit Polymeren modifiziert. In dieser Dissertation wurde ein Cystein am C-Terminus von Antikörper-Fragmenten eingebaut, wodurch die selektive und spezifische Modifikation der Fragmente mit einem kleinen organischen Molekül ermöglicht wurde. Für die Implementierung dieser Strategie wurde der Antikörper F8 verwendet, dessen Antigen, die alternativ gespleisste Extra Domäne A (EDA) von Fibronektin, mit neugebildeten Blutgefässen im Tumorgewebe assoziiert ist. Das Albumin bindende kleine organische Molekül (Albu-Tag) wurde mit einer Maleimidgruppe versehen und nachfolgend selektiv an das C-terminale Cystein von scfv und Diabody Fragmenten des Antikörpers F8 konjugiert. Mausexperimente zeigten eine deutlich verlängerte Halbwertszeit der Fragmente mit dem Albu-tag von ungefähr 1000 Minuten, was einer 35-fachen Reduktion der Clearance-Rate im Blut entspricht. Des weiteren wurde durch die längere Zirkulation der Fragmente im Blut die Akkumulation im Tumorgewebe um einen Faktor 10 erhöht und erreichte Werte von > 60% ID/g (Prozent der injizierten Dosis pro Gramm). Die hier präsentierte Technologie mit dem Albu-tag stellt eine generelle Strategie dar, um die Halbwertszeit von kleinen therapeutischen Proteinen zu verlängern und damit deren pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften zu verbessern. Zusätzlich gewinnt die selektive Modifikation von Antikörpern und Antikörper-Fragmenten auch in der Entwicklung von Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugaten an Bedeutung. Aus diesem Grund wurde das C-terminale Cystein von Fragmenten im Diabody-Format mit einem Thiol- Derivat des Dolastatin Analogon Cemadotin (Cem-SH) selektiv und direkt modifiziert. Die Konjugation wurde durchgeführt, indem eine Abgangsgruppe entweder an das C-terminale Cystein des Diabodies oder an die freie Thiolgruppe von Cem-SH angehängt wurde. Dadurch wurde der Disulfidaustausch vorangetrieben, der die verbindende und spaltbare Schwefelbrücke zwischen Cem-SH und dem Antikörper-Fragment bildet. Beide Ansätze wurden mit dem Diabody-Format des Antikörpers F8 erfolgreich ausgeführt und ergaben 3
6 stöchiometrische und nahezu homogene Produkte (Db-SS-Cem), ohne die Immunreaktivität des Antikörpers zu beeinträchtigen. Therapieexperimente in Mäusen mit Tumoren zeigten jedoch nur eine geringe Inhibition des Tumorwachstums, wenn die Mäuse mit dem Antikörper- Wirkstoff-Konjugat Db-F8-SS-Cem, welches an nicht-internalisierendes EDA bindet, behandelt wurden. Dennoch zeigt die hier präsentierte Konjugationsstrategie eine neuartige und geradlinige Methode für die Entwicklung von strukturell definierten Antikörper-Wirkstoff Konjugaten. Eine Erhöhung der Konjugatkonzentration oder die Verlängerung der Halbwertszeit der Konjugate durch Anhängen des Albu-tag stellen Möglichkeiten dar, wie die Resultate der Therapieexperimente verbessert werden können. 4
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MehrA modular approach to functional self-assembled monolayers
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis A modular approach to functional self-assembled monolayers Author(s): Durmaz, Firat Publication Date: 2006 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005387433 Rights
MehrThe isogenes ARO3 and ARO4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The isogenes ARO3 and ARO4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Author(s): Paravicini, Gerhard Publication Date: 1989 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000507917
MehrRole of Foxa2 Acetylation in Diabetes and Obesity in Vivo
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Role of Foxa2 Acetylation in Diabetes and Obesity in Vivo Author(s): Kondratiuk, Nadiia Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010464159
MehrContribution to the development of optical sensors for anions
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Contribution to the development of optical sensors for anions Author(s): Tan, Susie Sok Si Publication Date: 1991 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000617811
MehrOn the cohomology of finite groups with simple coefficients
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis On the cohomology of finite groups with simple coefficients Author(s): Stricker, Markus Andreas Publication Date: 1989 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000518488
MehrResearch Collection. Live 3D Reconstruction on Mobile Phones. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Tanskanen, Petri. Publication Date: 2016
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MehrMolecular mechanism and physiological implications of shearenhanced bacterial adhesion via the FimH catch bond
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Molecular mechanism and physiological implications of shearenhanced bacterial adhesion via the FimH catch bond Author(s): Nilsson, Lina Maria Publication Date: 2007
Mehrof chronic skin inflammation
DISS. ETH NO. 21996 Identification of new targets and treatment strategies for the therapy of chronic skin inflammation A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented
MehrControl for knowledge-based information retrieval
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Control for knowledge-based information retrieval Author(s): Ultsch, Alfred G.H. Publication Date: 1987 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000410196 Rights
MehrResearch Collection. Chirale Enolate. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Naef, Reto. Publication Date: 1983
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Chirale Enolate Author(s): Naef, Reto Publication Date: 1983 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000300141 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial
MehrSterilisation von stückigen Lebensmitteln mit Mikrowellen
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Sterilisation von stückigen Lebensmitteln mit Mikrowellen Author(s): Spreng, Hans Publication Date: 1975 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethza000119193 Rights
MehrBiological screening of cyanobacteria and phytochemical investigation of Nostoc commune and Tolypothrix byssoidea
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Biological screening of cyanobacteria and phytochemical investigation of Nostoc commune and Tolypothrix byssoidea Author(s): Jaki, Birgit Publication Date: 2000 Permanent
MehrCharacterization of Drosophila Lnk an adaptor protein involved in growth control
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Characterization of Drosophila Lnk an adaptor protein involved in growth control Author(s): Werz, Christian Publication Date: 2009 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006073429
MehrAN ANTIBODY-INTERFERONGAMMA
ETH Diss.ETHNr.15607 AN ANTIBODY-INTERFERONGAMMA FUSIONPROTEINFOR CANCERTHERAPY A dissertation submitted to the SWISSFEDERALINSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGYZÜRICH for the degree of DOCTOROF NATURALSCIENCES Presented
MehrBiochemistry of nitrilotriacetate degradation in obligately aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Biochemistry of nitrilotriacetate degradation in obligately aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria Author(s): Uetz, Thomas Alfred Publication Date: 1992 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000640058
MehrResearch Collection. Multiple origins of multipotent neural crest-derived cells in the adult skin. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Multiple origins of multipotent neural crest-derived cells in the adult skin Author(s): Wong, Christine Publication Date: 2006 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005284055
MehrCovalent DNA Display as a Novel Tool for Directed Evolution of Proteins in vitro
DISS. ETH NO. 16070 Covalent DNA Display as a Novel Tool for Directed Evolution of Proteins in vitro A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor
MehrDesign, characterization and simulation of avalanche photodiodes
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MehrVerallgemeinerungen des Herbrand'schen Satzes und Anwendungen im Gebiet der Entscheidbarkeit von Formelklassen
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Verallgemeinerungen des Herbrand'schen Satzes und Anwendungen im Gebiet der Entscheidbarkeit von Formelklassen Author(s): Barro, François Marc Publication Date: 1977
MehrMetabolic engineering of Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B6 in staple crops
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Metabolic engineering of Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B6 in staple crops Author(s): Li, Kuan-Te Publication Date: 2014 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010192503
MehrFunctional characterization of novel human Cul3 E3 ubiquitin ligases in cell cycle regulation
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Functional characterization of novel human Cul3 E3 ubiquitin ligases in cell cycle regulation Author(s): Märki, Sarah A. Publication Date: 2010 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006080805
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