Der Einfluss von Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO 2 ) auf das Wachstum von juvenilem Steinbutt

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1 Der Einfluss von Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO 2 ) auf das Wachstum von juvenilem Steinbutt The effect of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on growth of juvenile turbot FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel

(Steffensen and Lomhold, 1990) Acute: e.g.

2 CO 2 in intensive Fish production 1. Source of accumulation Respiration (Fish, Bacteria) Chronic: e.g mg L -1 in european eel farms (closed-cycle RAS) (Steffensen and Lomhold, 1990) Acute: e.g. Rainbow trout LC50 : (96 h) = 35 mg L Removal Water exchange, degassing 3. Influencing factors 1/16 Temperature, salinity, ph/alkalinity

Acid base regulation 2. Anaesthetical effect Moran et al.

3 Pathological effects 1. Cateracts 2. Nephrocalcinose CO 2 long term exposure Physiological effects 1. Acid base regulation 2. Anaesthetical effect Moran et al Performance parameters 1. Growth 2. Feed intake Bruno Feed consumption ratio (FCR ) 2/16 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

CO 2 Effect concentrations on growth ( marine species) European

al. 2003) Atlantic Salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar) = 26 mg L -1

1998) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) = 18 mg L -1 (Moran &

4 CO 2 Effect concentrations on growth ( marine species) European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) = >51 mg L -1 (Petochi et al. 2011) 75 mg L -1 (Cecchini et al. 2001) Spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) = 34 mg L -1 (Foss et al. 2003) Atlantic Salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar) = 26 mg L -1 (Fivelstadt et al. 1998) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) = 18 mg L -1 (Moran & Støttrup 2011) mg L -1 - differences in literature on minimal effect concentrations Flatfish??? 3/16 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

5 CO 2 Measuring CO 2 Accuracy and response time - Gas permeable membrane + ISE (Severinghaus) - Gas permeable membrane + IR - Air water equilibration (headspace) + IR 4/16

6 Aim How sensitive is turbot to elevated CO 2 concentrations? Parameter Growth performance Health Metabolic - FCR - Feed intake - SGR - Whole body analysis - HSI, SI - Condition factor - Hematocrit - Hemoglobin - NH 3 -N excretion - O 2 consumption 5/16 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

7 Experimental setup: Fish - 14 turbot per tank - 55 ± 6.3 g, density 3.1 kg m -3 Feeding - Apparent satiation once per day (macro nutrient profile: crude protein 50%, crude fat 16%, ash 9%, fiber 1%) Duration - 8 weeks Water Parameter - Flow rate = 300 L h -1 - Temperature = 18 C - Salinity = 20 PSU - Carbonate alkalinity = 110 mg L -1 6/15 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

8 Experimental setup: System Respirometers - 10 x 250 L - simultaneously online determination of O 2, CO 2, ph, temperature and ammonia - measuring 9 or 18 times per tank and day Auxiliary circulation pump - CO 2 mixing, remove feces + uneaten pellets 7/16 Spranger Stiller et al (Aquacult. Eng. 55: 23-31)

CO 2 [mg L -1 ] Experimental setup: System CO 2

meter / needle vales - Pure food grade CO 2 high (25

) low (3000 ppm; 5 mg L -1 ) 8/15 45 49 52 55 day

9 CO 2 [mg L -1 ] Experimental setup: System CO 2 dosing - Fine pore ceramic diffusors - Minimal flow meter / needle vales - Pure food grade CO 2 high ( ppm; 42 mg L -1 ) medium ( ppm; 26 mg L -1 ) low (3000 ppm; 5 mg L -1 ) 8/ day FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in Reference; without fish

10 Results: Growth performance Mean fish weight 42 mg L mg L -1 5 mg L -1 Decreasing mean fish weight with [CO 2 ] No significant mortality 9/15 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

11 DFI [g feed day -1 ] FCR Results: Growth performance DFI, SGR and FCR 30 a b 15 c 10 5 SGR % day a 2.0 b c a a b CO 2 [mg L -1 ) CO 2 [mg L -1 ] CO 2 [mg L -1 ] Reduced DFI with [CO 2 ] Increasing FCR with [CO 2 ] 10/16 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in Reduced SGR with [CO 2 ]

12 % of original substance Results: Whole body analysis a b b a b c a b c 0 Ash Crude protein Crude fat Increased ash and reduced fat with [CO 2 ] 11/16 5/15 Increased protein at lowest [CO 2 ]

13 CF [g cm -3 ] HSI % Results: Health parameters CF, HSI a b c a b c CO 2 [mg L -1 ] CO 2 [mg L -1 ] Reduced CF and HSI with [CO 2 ] 12/16 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

14 hematocrit % hemoglobin [g dl -1 ] Results: Health parameters Blood * 5 * CO 2 [mg L -1 ] CO 2 [mg L -1 ] 13/16 Increased hematocrit at lowest [CO 2 ] Reduced hemoglobin at highest [CO 2 ] FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

Results: Metabolic data Metabolic fuels:

Ammonia quotient AQ = ammonia excreted mol

3 + 44.5 O 2 43 CO2 + 12 NH 3 + 17 H 2 O + 0.

metabolism = 100 % Carbohydrate and/or fat usage

15 Results: Metabolic data Metabolic fuels: Proteins, carbohydrates, fat Average protein: Ammonia quotient AQ = ammonia excreted mol oxygen consumed mol C 43 H 70 O 14 N 12 S O 2 43 CO NH H 2 O H 2 S + urea Protein usage in energy metabolism = 100 % Carbohydrate and/or fat usage in energy metabolism = 100 % AQ + (5-15% urea) = 0.27 AQ + (5-15% urea) = 0 14/16

16 AQ Relative % protein usage Results: Metabolic data (some impressions from the end of the experiment) feeding feeding mg L mg L -1 5 mg L -1 day 48 time day 49 15/16 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

17 The Effect of CO 2 : A Summary - Turbot relatively sensitive to elevated CO 2 concentrations 42 mg L mg L -1 5 mg L -1 Physiological 3 - CO 2 levels as low as possible Economical - Balancing between degassing costs and growth reduction - RAS designers size CO 2 degassing systems to ensure adequate welfare and production conditions SGR % day CO 2 mg L -1 16/16 FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

18 Thanks for your attention! contact: FTZ Westküste der Universität Kiel in

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