OBS CHANGES VS. CLC CHANGES -DRAFT

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1 3. Z.I. Bombicht, L-6947 Niederanven, Luxembourg VAT No , Commercial Registration No B PHONE: FAX: INTERNET: OBS CHANGES VS. CLC CHANGES -DRAFT Inhalt 1 Background OBS CLC Land Cover Flows OBS and CLC classification results for Luxembourg OBS Change information CLC Change information OBS vs. CLC change classification _Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 1/17

2 1 BACKGROUND Land-use and land-cover change is a general term for the human modification of Earth's terrestrial surface. Though humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of land cover changes are far greater than ever in history, driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. These changes encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, including climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air. Monitoring and mediating the negative consequences of land cover changes while sustaining the production of essential resources has therefore become a major priority of researchers and policymakers around the world ( For Europe, the Corine Land Cover (CLC) Classification is the major land use and land change information system. CLC is a timely ongoing classification. Therefore the possibility of detection land cover changes is warranted. To get a better impression of the change classification quality, the following study compared the CLC-changes with the changes from the national OBS (Occupation Biophysique du Sol) classification. 2 OBS OBS Occupation Biophysique du Sol is an inventory of land cover and biotopes in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg at the scale of 1: The inventory is a classification of 76 different land cover and biotope types with five hierarchical levels. This database has been updated as part of the GSE Land extension for Luxembourg. Nomenclature The five main hierarchical levels of the nomenclature are: 1. Artificial surfaces Artificial surfaces encompass 29 specific classes. At level 3 the nomenclature encompasses built-up areas for residential or industrial use as well as commercial areas transport infrastructure construction areas and areas used for mineral extraction or deposition of waste materials or green areas in an urban context (e.g. parks cemeteries sport and leisure areas). Each of these level 3 classes is further differentiated into individual classes with distinct uses or functions. 2. Agricultural areas This level includes 8 different kinds of surfaces used for agricultural production. The main use of the surface is to be mapped i.e. seasonal differences (e.g. harvested croplands) or materials temporarily stocked on the land are not mapped. 3. Forests and semi-natural areas Compared to Corine Land Cover this level has undergone a strong restructuration and the inclusion of additional interpretation parameters going beyond the information provided in the image alone. The level is subdivided into two main groups of classes: 14 forest classes mainly differentiated by its leaf type and another 13 classes describing different types 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 2/17

3 of semi-natural lands (grasslands shrublands open areas). Common base for the semi-natural lands is little human impact on them. 4. Wetlands The nomenclature differentiates 3 types of wetlands which are mainly defined by the vegetation type found. 5. Water Water classes (9) are first differentiated into running water or still water bodies. Subsequently both are further subdivided into natural or artificial origin respectively with or without biological interest. List of classes The land cover and biotope features are divided into 76 classes with areal extend (polygon data). Landscape elements (small water body s hedges isolated trees tree rows or groups of trees) below the official minimum mapping unit are mapped as point and line elements. Overall 20 point and line features are differentiated leading to a total of almost 100 different types of land cover and biotope types in form of point line and polygon data. The official list of classes is available only in German and French. Artificial areas DE FR ATT German French BSC UAD Stark verdichtete städtisch geprägte Gebiete (City) Tissu urbain dense BSM UAA Sonstige Siedlung mit bedeutender Zone semi-urbaine avec végétation Vegetation importante BSO UAS Sonstige Siedlung ohne bedeutende Zone semi-urbaine sans végétation Vegetation importante Urbanisation longiligne de longe des BSB UAL Siedlungsbänder entlang von Straßen routes Bandes urbanisées le long des routes BSP UAP Öffentliche Plätze Place BSR UAF Siedlungsbrachen ohne/geringe Friche urbaine Espace urbain ouvert sans Vegetation Siedlungs-Ödland verdure importante BSE UAH Einzelhäuser Höfe etc. außerhalb geschlossener Bebauung Habitat dissémine en zone rurale hameau BII UIL Großindustrielle Anlagen Schwerindustrie Industrie lourde BIG UIA BIO UPS BIS UPE BIW UPU BIA UPH BIL UAC Gemischte Industrie und Gewerbegebiete Militär großformatige Dienstleistungsgebäude Öffentliche und soziokulturelle Einrichtungen und Bebauungen Sondergebiete Flächen der Stromversorgung Sondergebiete Flächen der Wasserversorgung Sondergebiete Flächen der Gasversorgung Landwirtschaftliche und gartenbauliche Infrastruktur (Stallanlagen Gewächshäuser) Zone d'activités économiques terrain militaire large bâtiments des services publics Bâtiments et installations à destination socio-culturelle Installations de distribution électrique Installation de traitement des eaux usés Installations de stockage d'hydrocarbures et de gaz Constructions agricoles et horticoles étables serres BVS UTR bedeutende Straßen (>20m) Routes importantes (>20m) voies rapides BVP UTS Parkplatz Zones de stationnement BVB UTF Bahnanlage und deren Nebenbetriebe Infrastructure ferroviaire gare BVH UTP Hafengebiete Zone portuaire BVT UTA Flughafen Terminal und Hangargebäude Aéroport; terminal hangar BVL UTT Flughafen Landebahn und Fahrbahnen Aéroport; piste et taxiways BAF UEM Abbaufläche Tagebau Zone d'extraction de matériaux 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 3/17

4 DE FR ATT German French BAA UER Aufschüttung und Deponien Remblais et décharges BAH UEC Halden Crassier BAB UEF Brachen industrieller Gebiete Friche industrielle BAU UEH Baustellen Chantier BGF UVC Friedhöfe Cimetière BGG UVV Grünanlagen Parks Zones de verdure parcs BGS UVS Sport- Spiel- Camping- Golfplätze BGK UVJ Kleingartenanlagen Cité jardinière Terrain de sport espace récréatif camping golf etc. 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 4/17

5 Agricultural areas DE FR ATT German French LAA RAA Ackerflächen einjährige Kulturen Terres agricoles cultures annuelles LBG RAH Baumschule Gartenbau Weihnachtsbaumkulturen Pépinières horticulture arbres de Noël LWT RVT Weinbauflächen im Terrassenanbau Vignoble en terrasse LWS RVA sonstige Weinbauflächen Autres vignoble LSH RHT Obstanbau Streuobstwiesen Hochstammkulturen Verger à hautes tiges 1 LSN RBT Obstanbau Niederstammkulturen Verger à basses tiges LFG RPR Feuchtgrünland Prairie humide LMG RPM Mesophiles Grünland Prairie mésophile Forests and semi-natural lands DE FR ATT German French WLE FFC Laubwald mit dominierender Eiche Futaie feuillue à dominance de chêne WLB FFH Laubwald mit dominierender Buche Futaie feuillue à dominance de hêtre WLS FFD Laubwald aus sonstigen Laubbaumarten Futaie de feuillus divers WLM FFM Laubwald gemischt Eiche Buche Futaie feuillue mélangée de chênes et de hêtres WLN FTC Eichen-Niederwald Taillis de chêne WLP FFP Laubwald Pappel-Monokulturen Peupleraie WLO FFP Laubwald forstliche Monokulturen Autres monocultures feuillues WNF FRE Nadelwälder aus Fichten (Douglasie / Tanne) Forêt résineuse (épicéas douglas sapins) WNK FRP Nadelwälder aus Kiefern u/o Lärchen Forêt résineuse (pins mélèzes et autres résineux) WNM FRM Nadelmischwälder aus und gemischt Forêt résineuse mélangée WMT FMP Mischwald (Laub/Nadel) einzeln oder Forêt mélangée (feuillus/résineux) par truppweise Mischung pied par bouquet WMF FMM Mischwald (Laub/Nadel) fließende Forêt mélangée (feuillus/résineux) Durchmischung mélange intime WAU FCD Forstliche Pflanzung (Aufforstungen Régénération naturelle Culture forestière Naturverjüngung Dickungen; Baumart d'essences non définies nicht erkennbar) WSF FSD Sonstige Forstflächen (Schlagflur Windbruch) Autres surfaces forestières (coupes rases chablis) KSI PSI Silicattrockenrasen Sandtrockenrasen Pelouse silicicole KKA PCA Kalkmagerrasen Pelouse calcaire KFE PSR Fels- und Schotterrasen Pionierfluren Pelouses pionnières (sur substrat rocheux ou graveleux) KHE PLR Heiden Rohbodenstandorte Landes sols nus KRM PFR KRF PFH SBT BPS Ruderalstandorte außerhalb besiedelter Bereiche Brachen und Staudenfluren mittlerer bis trockener Standorte Ruderalstandorte außerhalb besiedelter Bereiche Brachen und Staudenfluren feuchter Standorte Buschwerk Vorwälder trockener Standorte Surfaces rudéralisées et friches en zone rurales sur sols secs à frais Surfaces rudéralisées et friches en zone rurale sur sols humides Buissons prébois sur sols secs SBM BPF Buschwerk Vorwälder mittlerer Standorte Buissons prébois sur sols frais SBF BPH Buschwerk Vorwälder feuchter Standorte Buissons prébois sur sols humides 1 Colour-coded classes: selected for field validation 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 5/17

6 DE FR ATT German French SBG BPE Blockschutt- und Geröllwälder / - vorwälder Forêts prébois sur éboulis SBP BPA Gehölzpflanzungen (junge Strauch und Böschungspflanzungen) Plantations cubustives OFF RNU Offene Felsflächen Roche nue OBS REN Offene Blockschutt- und Schotterflächen Eboulis et graviers non colonisés Wetlands DE FR ATT German French FRO ROS Röhrichte Landröhrichte Roselière FGS MAG Großseggensümpfe Großseggenrieder Magnocariçaie FKS MBA Übergangsmoore Kleinseggenrieder Bas marais Water DE FR ATT German French GFN ECN Naturnahe Fließgewässerabschnitte Cours d eau naturel GFF ECA Naturferne Fließgewässerabschnitte Cours d eau artificialisé GFK EEA Fließgewässer künstlicher Entstehung (Kanal) Cours d eau artificiels GSN EPN Stillgewässer anthropogen naturnah Plans d'eau anthropogène proche de l'état naturel GSK EPA Stillgewässer künstlicher Entstehung Stillgewässer anthropogen naturfern Plan d'eau artificiel GAA EBM Altarme Altwasser Bras mort GMD EMA "Mardelle" Mardelle GBB BRE Becken Reservoir (Ufer u/o Grund aus Bassin réservoir ayant un intérêt künstlichem Material) von biol. Interesse écologique GBO BRS Becken Reservoir (Ufer u/o Grund aus Bassin réservoir à ciel ouvert sans intérêt künstlichem Material) ohne biol. Wert écologique 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 6/17

7 3 CLC Corine Land Cover classification. List of classes LEVEL 1 1. ARTIFICIAL SURFACES 2. AGRICULTURAL AREAS 3. FOREST AND SEMI-NATURAL AREAS LEVEL Urban fabric 1.2. Industrial commercial and transport units 1.3. Mine dump and construction sites 1.4. Artificial non-agricultural vegetated areas 2.1. Arable land 2.2. Permanent crops 2.3.Pastures 2.4. Heterogeneous agricultural areas 3.1. Forests 3.2. Scrub and/or herbaceous associations 3.3. Open spaces with little or no vegetation 4. WETLANDS 4.1. Inland wetlands 4.2. Marine wetlands 5. WATER BODIES 5.1. Inland waters 5.2. Marine waters LEVEL Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Port and leisure facilities Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual crops associated with permanent crops Complex cultivation patterns Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vegetation Agro-forestry areas Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland-scrub Beaches dunes sands Bare rocks Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual snow Inland marshes Peat bogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 4 LAND COVER FLOWS The Land cover flows are an enhanced product of the CLC-change layer. 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 7/17

8 The changes are grouped to so called flows of land cover and are classified according to major land use processes: lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of Land Cover due to natural and multiple causes The nomenclature of flows is organized on 3 levels. The classification of land cover flows results from the feasibility studies and subsequent revisions after discussion with experts in agri-environment and forestry. Basically, the classification of land cover flows distinguishes change between broad land cover classes and changes internal to these classes. Analysis of land cover flows supplies a rapid vision of processes taking place (EEA). Figure 1 Corine Land Cover Flows 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 8/17

9 5 OBS AND CLC CLASSIFICATION RESULTS FOR LUXEMBOURG For Luxembourg, OBS and CLC classifications from different years are existing: OBS: 1988, 1999 and 2007 CLC: 1990, 2000 and 2006 Figure 2 left: OBS (2007) right: CLC-Luxembourg (2006) Table 1 OBS (2007) /CLC (2006) statistics surface comparison at level 3 OBS LEVEL 3 COUNT AREA [km²] CLC level 3 COUNT AREA [km²] _Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 9/17

10 * * The definition of class x.x in OBS is different from CLC. OBS does not contain any forestry surfaces without trees (clear cuts, storm damages, regrowth) in this class. These surfaces are mapped as (regrowth) and (clear cuts, storm damages. In the following table, both classifications are displayed in a classification matrix: Table 2 LEVEL 1 OBS (2007) fractions for every level 1 CLC (2006) class CLC PERCENT of CLC OBS TOTAL OBS CHANGE INFORMATION Identification of land cover changes Based on the 2007 image data and the 1999 OBS database all land cover changes were mapped. The change database contains real and permanent land use / land cover changes above the MMU of 100m² for surface features. Seasonal changes are not mapped (e.g. different phonological states, water level in reservoirs). Areas temporarily used for stocking material (timber logging, hay stacks) was mapped according to the original use / cover of the surface where the material is stocked. The GIS database contains an attribute for the 1999 code and the new 2007 code and a flag for technical changes. The OBS change file contains changes (without tech. changes) covering an area of km². 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 10/17

11 Figure 3 Change features OBS _Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 11/17

12 7 CLC CHANGE INFORMATION For Luxembourg the CLC change layer for the time period 2000 to 2006 implement 153 changes, covering an area of km². Figure 4 Change features OBS OBS VS. CLC CHANGE CLASSIFICATION For a comparison of both classifications first all technical errors were deleted from the CLC and OBS change database. To compare CLC with OBS change classification, both classifications must be based on the same class description in the same class-level. Because of some dissimilar class descriptions between OBS and CLC, the following classes have been reclassified: OBS class: was reclassified to CLC was reclassified to CLC was reclassified to CLC 324 In a next step a new attribute was implemented: change-typ. These attribute based on combination from the first classification code (1999-OBS or 2000-CLC) 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 12/17

13 and the second classification code (2007-OBS and 2006-CLC) - for example: Next, in the dataset the area were summarized for every change-typ. The results were exported to an Excel project and for every change-typ the analogical land cover flow was added. Finally a statistic for the CLC and OBS land cover flows was calculated and analysed. Figure 5 Workflow CLC/OBS change statistic 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 13/17

14 Statistic Results For the land cover flows (LCF) level1- we get following results: Table 3 Land Cover Flow OBS/CLS statistics CLC LCF [km²] OBS LCF [km²] CLC LCF [%] OBS LCF [%] Difference to OBS in [%] Difference to OBS in [km²] Land Cover Flows - level 1 Urban land management Urban residential sprawl Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures Agriculture internal conversions Conversion from forested & natural land to agriculture Withdrawal of farming Forests creation and management Water bodies creation and management Changes of Land Cover due to natural and multiple causes Total change area Figure 6 Percent of TOTAL changed area - The total land cover change areas (OBS or CLC) are defined to 100%. For every LCF class the percent of total area for OBS and CLC is displayed. 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 14/17

15 Figure 7 Absolute change areas per LCF-class in km² - For every LCF class the total change area in km² for OBS and CLC is displayed. Figure 8 Percent of CLC to OBS in percent The OBS change values are defined to 100%. So, the diagram displayed the percent of CLC change area per LCF-Class in comparison to OBS. 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 15/17

16 Figure 9 Difference of CLC change areas per class to OBS [km²] The diagram shows the difference of CLC-change area to the OBS-change area per LCF-Class. The highest different between both LCF-statistics is represented by the LCF class Agriculture internal conversions: Figure 10 Example OBS Land Cover Flows (level1) MAP The cause for this extreme difference are the classes pastures and arable land. For OBS classification a detailed agriculture field cadastre map was available. Therefore a differentiation of this both classes was possible for every parcel. Because these parcel were smaller the CLC Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU), the changes were not found in the CLC classification. The following diagram shows the correlation of the two classifications without the LCF-4 (Agriculture internal conversions): 36_Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 16/17

17 Figure 11 OBS CLC [km²] without lcf-4 Agriculture internal conversions All in all the CLC-LCF areas are smaller than OBS-LCF areas. The main cause is the smaller CLC MMU _Luxembourg_Corine_changes_vs_OBS_changes.doc 17/17