The German Energy Transformation: Long-term policy making and the role of LCA

Transkript

1 The German Energy Transformation: Long-term policy making and the role of LCA / Dr. Martin Pehnt / Bern martin.pehnt@ifeu.de 1

2 ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung The Institute Around 60 scientists: Energy Transportation Waste and ressource protection Industry and products Nutrition and biomass Department Energy Technology and Life Cycle Analysis of future energy and transport systems Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, CHP, Fuel cells, etc. Strategies and Policy Instruments for a sustainable energy system Scenario studies and modelling Education 2

3 Content 1 The Energiewende 2 Challenges with LCA relevance 3 Example Building 3

4 What is the German Energiewende? Answer 1: 4

5 2 Warum die Energiewende? ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH What is the German Energiewende? Answer 2: Quelle: energytransition.de 5

6 ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH What is the German Energiewende? Answer 3: IFEU, Fraunhofer IBP HS Regensburg 6

7 Germany s Energy Future One scenario 7

8 ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH What is the German Energiewende? Answer 2: Pehnt et al. 2012, energytransition.de 8

9 Challenges of the Energiewende with LCA relevance Long-term orientation Infrastructures (electricity and gas grid, buildings, power plants, ) need long-term planning Lock-in effects Long planning and implementation procedures Long ROI Flexibility and storage requirements increase Sectoral boundaries become obsolete Electricity, Heat, Transportation become intertwined Ambitious levels of targets: going to the limits 9

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11 What is the role of LCA in the Energiewende? First glance: 0 In the public documents, LCA is hardly mentioned. Exceptions: LCA of biomass, biomass sustainability ordinance If you zoom into the Energiewende, you will find many applications for LCAs, as well as new methodological challenges. 11

12 Example: Buildings Today: Requirement for new building : Primary energy demand Transmission loss HT Existing building: only weak requirements when it is renovated anyway No life-cycle requirements Q P = f P Q final energy for heating Primary energy factor f P : Cumulative non-renewable energy (kwh) per final energy (kwh) 12

13 New policy idea: Introduction of a Long-term retrofit schedule ( Sanierungsfahrplan ) Efficiency class: Defines quality of the building shell and the heating system/fuel Aim: Introduce long-term planning horizon and reduce lock-in effects. Step 1: energy audits Step 2: feebate schemes Challenge: Longterm robustness Pehnt et al

14 Example: Building with Heat pump Option 1: Supply with grid electricity Challenge: Intertwining of electricity and heat Heat pump 14

15 Example: Building with Heat pump Option 1: Supply with grid electricity Load and non-dispatchable RES Electricity Primary energy factor Existing building code Challenge: Intertemporal flexibility 2030 Von Oehsen 2013, using Holzhammer Jan Dec 15

16 Example: Building with Heat pump Option 1: Supply with grid electricity Challenge: Interaction with other policy instruments. Heat pump Electricity sector covered by emission trading. Building sector not covered by emission trading. Without changing the cap of emission trading, heat pumps increase the price of emission certificates and lead to more GHG savings in other sectors. 16

17 Example: Building with Heat pump Option 2: Supply with local PV system Challenge: Defining the system boundary, e. g. including other electrical applicances Strombedar/-erzeugung, qualitativ Strombedarf mit Wärmepumpe Erzeugung Solarstrom Heat pump Jan Dez EnEV 2009/2012: When is a PV system part of the building, and when is it a grid-connected generator? Mit Voss

18 LCA as a tool to fight prejudices The Life Cycle Impact of Retrofits Am unproblematischsten [für die Entsorgung] ist die Ergänzung um ein WDVS. Welt : IFEU 2012; IFEU

19 Example Building: LCA of retrofits FU One year living in a comfortable house 9000 After retrofit Before retrofit 8 After retrofit Before retrofit kg CO 2 -equivalent gas-cond. reference gas-cond. + wood + SWH gas-cond. + wood + SSWH kg SO 2 -equivalent 0 gas-cond. gas old gas-cond. + ref erence wood biomass heating solar heating circulation pump gas heating building envelope gas-cond. + wood + SWH gas-cond. + wood + SSWH gas old biomass heating solar heating circulation gas heating building envelope Global warming Acidification Hillebrand, IFEU

20 The role of LCA in long-term policy making Agenda setting Fighting (sometimes deeply rooted) prejudices PV Energy saving light bulbs Retrofits Identification of required framework Policy result of electromobility LCA [Lambrecht and Pehnt 2012]: We need a functioning emission trading or installation of additional renewable capacity outside the Renewable Energy Act. Definition of limits, standards, threshold values Biomass sustainability ordinance: minimum GHG reduction requirements Maximum CH 4 leakage in biomethane processing plants Ecodesign (ErP) life-cycle requirements Statistics Net GHG and pollutant savings from RES 20

21 Further reading... ifeu.de IFEU produced website: energytransition.de 21