Klaus Katzensteiner Institute of Forest Ecology, BOKU Vienna. ORIENTGATE WORKSHOP Forests and Water September 11th, 2013 Windischgarsten

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1 Universität für Bodenkultur Wien University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences Climate change, forest dynamics and water supply case studies from the Calcareous Alps Klimawandel, Walddynamik und Wasserhaushalt - Fallstudien aus den Kalkalpen Klaus Katzensteiner Institute of Forest Ecology, BOKU Vienna Projects supported by the European Fund for Regional Development ORIENTGATE WORKSHOP Forests and Water September 11th, 2013 Windischgarsten

2 Disturbances and forest ecosystem dynamics Störungen und Ökosystemdynamik % Biomass destroyed % zerstörte Biomasse 2 1 Fine scale/gap dynamics Kleinräumige Lückendynamik Coarse scale disturbance Großflächige Störung Return interval Wiederkehrintervall From: White. P.S. and Jentsch, A. 2001: The search for generality in studies of disturbance and ecosystem dynamics. Progress in Botany, 62:

3 Disturbances and forest ecosystem dynamics Störungen und Ökosystemdynamik Häufigkeit- Erholungsdauer & räumliche Ausdehnung - frequency, recovery phase and spatial extent disturbance interval / recovery interval Equilibrium or steady state 1 stable, low variance stable high variance stable, very high variance 0.1 stable low variance 0.05 unstable, bifurcation or crash disturbance extent / landscape extent Modified from: Turner et al A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled Landscapes. Landscape Ecology 8(3):

4 1 Urwald mit Lückendynamik Old growth with gap dynamics à Dauerwald - Continuous forest cover, overlapping development stages à Kontinuierliche Gewährleistung der Ökosystemleistungen - Continuous provision of forest services (production, protection from avalanches and floods, supply of pristine water, carbon sequestration...)

5 2 Coarse scale disturbances Großflächige Störungen 2 disturbance interval / recovery interval Equilibrium or steady state stable, low variance stable high variance? stable low variance stable, very high variance 0.05 unstable, bifurcation or crash disturbance extent / landscape extent

6 3. Conventional forestry Herkömmliche Forstwirtschaft 2. Bark beetle Borkenkäfer 1. Windthrow Windwurf Northern Calcareous Alps National Park

7 Increasing intensity of disturbances in Austrian forest ecosystems Annual cut caused by windthrow and bark beetle Holzeinschlagsmeldungen Windwurf und Borkenkäfer Mio. m³ Storm and snow Bark beetles Tomiczek 2012 BFW Praxisinformation 30, 19-20

8 Climate change: Increase of frequency and intensity of storm events? Stürmische Zeiten? Matulla et al. 2008: European storminess: late nineteenth century to present. Clim Dyn (2008) 31: DOI /s y Die letzten Jahrzehnte des 20. JH waren eher ruhig Europe s storm climate has undergone significant changes throughout the past 130 years and comprises significant variations on a quasidecadal timescale. Most recent years feature average or calm conditions.

9 Temperature change: 100 years global trend + 1 C, Greater Alpine Region + 2 C Temperaturänderung im Alpenraum > als globaler Trend HISTALP-Results, Böhm R. 2009: Modified environment due to climate change? Wildbachund Lawinenverbau 163,

10 Climate change: Precipitation Greater Alpine Region Increasing winter precipitation in the W part of the Study region Niederschläge zeigen unterschiedliche Trends HISTALP-Results, Böhm R. 2009: Modified environment due to climate change? Wildbach- und Lawinenverbau 163,

11 ...from 1958 to 2001, forest change contributed in the same order of magnitude as climate change to the increase in disturbance damage in Europe s forests Die geänderte Waldbewirtschaftung hat ähnliche Auswirkungen auf Störungsereignisse in Europäischen Wäldern wie der Klimawandel...

12 Northern Limestone Alps: Dominating soil types: folic Histosols, lithic and rendzic Leptosols Regosols, chromic Cambisols Depending on primary clay content of the substrate and slope position Tangelrendzina Rendzina Kalkbraunlehm

13 Die Böden der nördlichen Kalkalpen sind flachgründig, (Auflage-)humus spielt eine wesentliche Rolle für Wasser- und Nährstoffhaushalt 18 % of the soils in growth district 4: very shallow (< 15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) 80 % of them showing organic soil layers (Moder or Tangel) Anzahl Rendzinen (29 %) Kalklehm-Rendzinen (14 %) Böden im Hauptwuchsgebiet 4 Kalkbraunlehme (30 %) Pseudogleye (12 %) Braunerden (15 %) Gründigkeitsstufe sehr flach (< 15 cm) flach (15-30 cm) mittel (30-60 cm) tief ( cm) sehr tief (> 120 cm) Quelle: Österreichische Waldbodenzustandsinventur, 140 Aufnahmen, Datenbankabfrage Englisch 2011 Anm.: Die Bodentypen wurden zu Gruppen zusammengefasst, Sondertypen (1 %) nicht berücksichtigt

14 Nutrient stocks in vegeta0on may exceed nutrient stock in the soil Example: nutrient stores in a mature spruce stand on a folic histosol in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Katzensteiner, 2003) Hoher Anteil von Nährstoffen in der Biomasse - Geschlossene Nährsto8reisläufe spielen eine wich=ge Rolle N P K Fe Total stores [kg.ha -1 ] Percent of total Branches, twigs, needles Boles with bark Ground vegetation Lichens Roots Biomass total Forest floor (= soil)

15 Recent forestry may have severe impacts on nutrient stocks Example: nutrient stores in a mature spruce stand on a folic histosol in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Katzensteiner, 2003) Nährstoffverluste nach Ernte N P K Fe Total stores [kg.ha -1 ] Percent of total Branches, twigs, needles Boles with bark Ground vegetation Lichens Roots Biomass total Forest floor (= soil) Removal of stemwood with bark: 25 % of the K-stock Seepage loss 3 years after clearcut: 17 % of the K stock Total losses: 42 % of the total K stock = 150 kg.ha -1 Annual K-balance (deposition seepage losses: kg.ha -1 à 300 yr recovery)

16 In particular grazing led to severe soil erosion!

17 Forest management alters forest soils! Bewirtschaftung hat massive Auswirkungen auf den Bodenzustand

18 Zustand des Schutzwaldes in Ö: zirka die Hälfte ohne ausreichende Verjüngung Status of protective forests in Austria Area of protective forests: ha (19.5 % of the forest area) of 66 % of managed protective forests and 25 % of unmanaged forests are in a phase where regeneration would be necessary More than 70 % of these forests are without regeneration (Austrian forest inventory)

19 Was passiert mit den seichtgründigen Böden nach Störungen? Concerns: Folic Histosols and lithic Leptosols are particularly vulnerable to large scale disturbances (low resilience) and may loose essential functions (nutrient supply, water storage capacity) Depending on - Scale and intensity of disturbance - Regeneration status of vegetation - Treatment (removal of biomass)

20 Andras Georg Sangay Sangay

21 Gravierender Humusverlust! Mean thickness of the organic layers [cm] - phase 1: input (slash, roots) - phase 2: decay & erosion 15 Error bars: 95% CI Mittlere Auflagehumusmächtigkeit [cm] Bestand Störung < 5 Jahre Störung 5-10 Jahre Störung > 10 Jahre Mature stand Disturbance < 5 years Disturbance 5-10 years Disturbance > 10 years

22 Effect of the type of disturbance on C stocks in org. layers Mean C-Vorrat Auflagehumus modelliert [kg*m^-2] Error bars: 95% CI 0.0 Windwurf Nutzung Störungstyp Lawine Windthrow conv. harvest Avalanche Removal of slash has a tremendous negative impact on humus dynamics!...besonders durch saubere Waldwirtschaft!

23 Interreg-Projekt J00183 Standortssicherung im Kalkalpin Sustainable Management of Forest Soils in the Calcareous Alps -SicAlp - Project partners: Fachgebiet Waldernährung und Wasserhaushalt, Prof. A. Göttlein, Technische Universität München Institut für Waldökologie, Prof. K. Katzensteiner, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien Fakultät Wald und Forstwirtschaft, Prof. A. Rothe, Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf g e f ö r d e r t v o n :

24 Research approach (mod. after Göttlein) Altbestand Mature stand Nutrient budgets Humus dynamics Dendrochronology Disturbed site Nutrient budgets Humus dynamics atastrophenfläche Su Regeneration Nutrient budgets Humus dynamics Biometrical investigations g e f ö r d e r t v o n :

25 Objectives and research questions Is it possible to maintain the most important ecosystem functions (nutrient supply, water storage capacity) for the next forest generation? How long will it take to restore the protective functions (flood prevention...)? What is the response of different tree species to climatic extremes (e.g. drought) and what are the consequences for future tree species performance? Which regeneration strategies will be most effective in particular under the influence of climate change? Gelingt der Erhalt der Ökosystemleistungen? Wie lange dauert es bis die Schutzwirkung wiederhergestellt ist? Wie reagieren Baumarten auf Klimaextreme? Welche Waldbehandlungs-/Verjüngungsstrategien sind zielführend? g e f ö r d e r t v o n :

26 Research sites Untersuchungsgebiete Working groups: TUM: Göttlein, Huber, Weis, Kohlpaintner, Kolb, Blumenthal, Thamm HSWT: Rothe, Hartl BOKU: Katzensteiner, Pröll, Hollaus, Matthews, Mayer, Schume, Delaney, Ettmayer

27 Selected results (work in progress!) Dendrochronological studies (working group Rothe, Hartl) Have there been drought periods in the region? Gibt es in dem perhumiden Gebiet (Staulagen) Trockenperioden? &2013! (moisture index: green line, mean annual temperature red line, annual precipitation red line)

28 Selected results (work in progress!) Dendrochronological studies (working group Rothe, Hartl) Are there signs of drought responses? â Differences in C-isotope signatures in drought years! South North Plateau Spruce - 20,90-21,80-22,33 Beech - 23,76-24,44-24,70 Die Bäume reagieren auf Trockenstress

29 Selected results (work in progress!) Dendrochronological studies (working group Rothe, Hartl) What is the response of trees to drought events (1947,1992,2003)? Spruce Fir Beech Larch Scots pine --> Clear elevation trends! Klare Unterschiede zwischen Baumarten, Höhenabhängigkeit

30 Disturbance effects Höllengebirge Prozesse nach Störungen - Höllengebirge (Hollaus, Matthews, Mayer, Schume, Katzensteiner et al.) 2000

31 Disturbance effects: Quantification of soil changes Bodenveränderungen Rendzic Leptosol dominated Chromic Cambisol dominated DORIS Windthrow 2007 Windthrow 2009 Forest

32 Change of soil surface at the Höllengebirge site (green line: stand,yellow line windthrow 2007, red line windthrow 2009) Hollaus et al ,5 0-0,5 Surface level change (cm) - 1-1, ,5 WW09 WW07 Wald Days since installa=on Average soil depth 15 cm! Severe humus losses, increase of rock surface area! Humusverlust!

33 Water cycle: Stand vs. Windthrow 2009 (Schume & Matthews) Wasserhaushalt Continuous measurements of evaporation at windthrow site (Eddy co-variance measurements), stand transpiration (thermal heat balance method) and stand precipitation Calibration of the Coup model Matthews

34 Water cycle: Stand vs. Windthrow 2009 Wasserhaushalt: Windwurf vs. Bestand Tab. 1: Water balance of stand and windthrow April-October 2012 Term of the water balance(mm) Precipitation Runoff Evapotranspiration Soil water storage Windwurf Bestand Increased peak flow and reduced evaporation after windthrow (black line) compared to the stand (red line) à erosion Abflusspitzen à Erosion Matthews

35 Energy fluxe on a clear sunny day Geänderter Energieumsatz à wärmere Böden Energy flux density [W/m²] Mature mixed spruce/beech forest H LE J atm+biom J hum+limest G Rn Energy flux density [W/m²] Windthrow H LE J atm+biom J hum+limest G Rn :15 01:45 03:15 04:45 06:15 07:45 09:15 10:45 12:15 13:45 15:15 16:45 18:15 19:45 21:15 22:45 00:15 01:45 03:15 04:45 06:15 07:45 09:15 10:45 12:15 13:45 15:15 16:45 18:15 19:45 21:15 22: Time Time Φ: ~ 2.0% +/- 0.0% H: 24.7% 48.4% LE: 55.8% 32.9% J atm+biom : 7.1% Reduced evapotranspiration at 1.4% J soil + rock : n.m. 12.8% windthrow siteà warming of G below 10 cm : 1.9% 4.5% air, soil and bedrock Schume Balance closre: 91.5% β = % β = 1.47

36 ... Increase of soil temperatures (and amplitudes) at the windthrow site Höhere Bodentemperatur am Windwurf

37 Change of soil surface at the Höllengebirge site: Mayer et al Erhöhte Mineralisierung von Humus à hoher Anteil der Humusverluste Soil temperature = important driver for soi respiralon Soil temperature (in 5 cm depth) of windthrow site 2-4 C higher than in stand SituaLon: windthrow = 100% of soil respiralon = mineralizalon (first year auer disturbance) stand = 50% mineralizalon, 50% root respiralon of trees Disturbance increases mineralizalon rates!!! Upscaling for the windthrow site: ~ 4000 kg C / ha / year ~ 3-5 % of the SOC stock Mayer à Both erosion and mineralizalon lead to severe humus losses

38 What is the role of humus for the water cycle? (working group Göttlein, Huber, Kohlpaintner, Kolb, Weis, Blumenthal, Thamm) Potential evapotranspiration deficit (red line) depending on the thickness of the humus layer for the dry year 2003 (Brook90 model results) Rolle von Auflagehumus für den Wasserhaushalt mm Sickerung ETP Defizit NFK Mächtigkeit der Tangelhumusauflage [cm] Critical threshold 10 cm thickness of the organic layer! Kritische Schwelle 10 cm

39 Status and functions of mature stands (working group Göttlein, Huber, Kohlpaintner, Kolb, Weis, Blumenthal, Thamm) Are there signs of nitrogen saturation in mountain forestst of the Calc. Alps? Wie siehts mit Stickstoffsättigung aus? Fluss [mm] Wassermenge NH4-N NO3-N FNS BNS Sickerung High input rates, system still acting as a sink! Bestände noch eine Senke N-Fluss [kg ha -1 ]

40 Disturbance leads to increased N mineralization (Example Lattenberg; working group TUM) Störungen führen zu Nitratmobilisierung Störung Januar 2007, Kyrill Increased mineralizationà Nitrate formation à leaching (missing vegetation uptake) M. Kohlpaintner, TUM 42

41 Disturbance leads to increased leaching of base cations (Example Lattenberg; working group TUM)... und Nährstoffauswaschung Störung Januar 2007, Kyrill Loss of nutrients! M. Kohlpaintner, TUM 43

42 Nutrient peaks after bark beetle infestation (Weis et al., 2012) (Nationalpark Kalkalpen, S exposed, ca m NN) im Humus-Sickerwasser [mg l -1 ] NO Nitrat Bergmischwald Nitrat Borkenkäferfläche Kalium Bergmischwald Kalium Borkenkäferfläche Tree decline after bark beetle attak K im Humus-Sickerwasser [mg l -1 ] Weis 44

43 Change of ressource availability for the next forest generation (less nutrients, drought stress) Geänderte Ressourcenverfügbarkeit für die Folgegeneration 45

44 Regeneration studies Verjüngungsuntersuchungen (Pröll 2012&13) Drought experiment Tree performance G. Pröll, Planting experiments

45 Survival of seedlings planted in 2010 after one year Überlebensraten der gepflanzten Bäumchen nach 1 Jahr Außerfern Kalk Außerfern Dolomit Höllengebirge 07 Buche Beech Bergahorn Maple Fichte Spruce Lärche Larch Hölengebirge l09 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

46 Are we able to iminimize disturbance effects by simulating old growth with gap dynamics? Können wir durch geänderte Waldbewirtschaftung die Intensität und negativen Auswirkungen von Störungen minimieren (Dauerwald)? à Continuous forest cover, overlapping development stages à Continuous provision of forest services (production, protection from avalanches and floods, supply of pristine water, carbon sequestration...)

47 Ideal forest WinAlp Land use history Real forest Wälder der Kalkalpen Strategien für die Zukunft Strat- Alp Low elaslcity Disturbed site SicAlp Back to the ideal forest Demo- Gap regeneral on sites Karst? Forest?? High elaslcity Göttlein g e f ö r d e r t v o n :

48 Project aims Projektziele Safeguarding site poten0al and forest func0ons Sicherung der Standortpotenziale und WaldfunkLonen in Wäldern der Nördlichen Kalkalpen à Step 1 Schrig 1: Site specific risk assesment Standortspezifische Risikoabschätzung (Datengrundlagen) à Step 2 Schrig 2: assessing need for ac0on Ableitung des Handlungsbedarfs durch Verschneidung und Bewertung von Standorts- und BestandesinformaLonen (Standortsstabilität, NährstoffnachhalLgkeit) à Step 3 Schrig 3: Ecological assessment of gap regenera0on Ökologische Bewertung von Vorausverjüngung und der dazu nölgen Maßnahmen (Erosionsschutz, Verjüngungsdynamik, Wasserhaushalt, Humus- / Kohlenstoffdynamik) à Prozessuntersuchungen auf DemonstraLonsflächen à Step 4 Schrig 4: Extension Transfer in die Praxis: Koppelung an BWO (Bayern), IntegraLon in Walddatenbank (T), Richtlinien/InformaLonsmaterial (Broschüre)...

49 Ein paar Bilder aus dem Nationalpark Berchtesgaden Coarse woody debris prevents snow gliding and erosion Totholz bietet Schutz vor Schneegleiten, Steinschlag, Erosion...

50 ...ungulate management as the cheapest measure to promote natural regeneration...die einzige Managementmaßnahme: konsequentes Schalenwildmanagement à well structured, species rich regeneration 13 years past Wiebke à struktur- und artenreiche Naturverjüngung 13 Jahre nach Wiebke

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