ALLGEMEINE UND PFLANZENSOZIOLOGISCHE VEGETATIONSÖKOLOGIE (B.Biodiv.339; M.Biodiv.403)

Transkript

1 Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier Abteilung Vegetationsanalyse & Phytodiversität Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Georg-August-Universität Göttingen ALLGEMEINE UND PFLANZENSOZIOLOGISCHE VEGETATIONSÖKOLOGIE (B.Biodiv.339; M.Biodiv.403) Download lecture series slides from Intern user name and password: veganalyse. WiSe 2017/18

2 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Therophytenreiche Pioniervegetation I: Zwergbinsen- Gesellschaften / Dwarf rush communities Therophyte-rich Pioneer Vegetation II: Ackerunkrautgesellschaften / Arable weed communities Coastal vegetation I: Dunes Coastal vegetation II: Salt marshes etc.; Gesteinsschutt-, Felsspalten- und Mauerfugenvegetation / Scree and chasmophytic vegetation 15./22.11.Aquatic vegetation I + II Röhrichte und Großseggenriede, Quellfluren, Moore / Reedbeds, Springs, Mires Trockene Zwergstrauch-Heiden und Borstgras-Rasen / Heathlands and acidophytic grasslands Sandtrockenrasen und basiphile Magerrasen / Grasslands of sandy and base-rich sites / Wirtschaftsgrünland / Rich pasture and meadows 17.1./24.1.Gebüsche und Laubwälder / Scrub and deciduous forest Nadelwälder / Coniferous forest

3 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Therophyte-rich Pioneer Vegetation Traits of Therophytes: Survive unfavourable season as seeds Longevity short ( Annuals = einjährige Arten) Root system weakly developed High investment in fruit and seed production Vogel-Miere (Stellaria media)

4 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Therophyte-rich Pioneer Vegetation Traits of Therophytes: Survive unfavourable season as seeds Longevity short ( Annuals = einjährige Arten) Root system weakly developed High investment in fruit and seed production Therophytes are best adapted to: Fluctuating habitats not tolerated by perennial plants (e.g., water-flooded and then soon dried up) Frequent disturbance (naturally or by humans) Short-term favourable conditions for plant growth (e.g., deserts with episodical rain; Mediterranean-climate areas with soil dried-up in spring/summer)

5 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Stellarietea mediae - Arable Weed Communities Distribution of arable fields in Germany Centaurea cyanus

6 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Stellarietea mediae - Arable Weed Communities Arable weed communities did not occur in pre-neolithic nature! Ackerunkrautgesellschaften kamen in der Naturlandschaft nicht vor! Appeared in the dawn of agriculture 8-10,000 years ago Entstanden vor ca Jahren mit dem Beginn des Kulturpflanzenanbaus (Eastern Mediterranean, Near and Middle East) Species occur naturally on disturbed open ground (here mostly Archaeophytes but Neophytes too) Anecophytes ( homeless weeds ; Anoekophyten, heimatlose Unkräuter) have evolved in European fields: Bromus secalinus, B. grossus, Camelina alyssum; more recently Bromus commutatus subsp. decipiens, Panicum miliaceum subsp. agricolum

7 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Stellarietea mediae - Chenopodium Ackerunkrautgesellschaften album Arable weeds grouped by biological traits I. Seed weeds (Samenunkräuter): Abundant seed production Longevity of seeds, 20-40(-200) years, persisting seed bank Annual plants, shallow-rooted Commonly more than one generation per year

8 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Stellarietea mediae - Arable Weed Communities Arable weeds grouped by biological traits I. Seed weeds (Samenunkräuter): Abundant seed production Longevity of seeds, 20-40(-200) years, persisting seed bank Annual plants, shallow-rooted Commonly more than one generation per year II. Persistent weeds (Dauerunkräuter): Perennial plants with regenerative subterranean storage organs Deep-rooted

9 Cirsium arvense Acker-Kratzdistel (Wurzelsprosse, root suckers) Elytrigia repens Quecke (rhizome, subterr. stems)

10 Stellarietea mediae - Arable Weed Communities Elytrigia repens Quecke (rhizome, subterr. stems) Rhizomgeflecht der Quecke,

11 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Arable weeds grouped by biological traits I. Seed weeds: Abundant seed production Longevity of seeds, 20-40(-200) years, persisting seed bank Annual plants, shallow-rooted Commonly more than one generation per year II. Persistent weeds: Perennial plants with regenerative subterranean storage organs Deep-rooted III. Sown weeds (Saatunkräuter, Crop mimetics): Crop traits evolved (haben Kulturpflanzeneigenschaften angenommen) e.g., seeds resemble crop seeds in size, ripening time and germination biology)

12 Sown weeds (Crop mimetics): Short-lived seeds: no seed bank, dispersed with cereal seeds In most of Europe rare and regionally extinct: Agrostemma githago - Kornrade edia/commons/0/0e/agrostemma_ githago_seeds.jpg

13 Anecophyte with crop mimetics Anthropogene Unkräuter mit Samen- Mimikry Evolved with flax cultivation and disappeared with it In Lein-(Flachs-) Kulturen entstanden, heute als Wildpflanze ausgestorben: Camelina alyssum Gezähnter Leindotter Flachsfeld (flax, Linum usitatissimum) Jean-Pol GRANDMONT,

14 Anecophyte with crop mimetics Anthropogene Unkräuter mit Samen- Mimikry Evolved with rye cultivation Im Roggen-Anbau entstanden: Bromus secalinus Roggen-Trespe

15 Thermal Dependency of Seed Germination Germination rates of weed species growing in vegetable gardens and with summer crops (Sommerfrüchte) (upper part) and with winter crops (Wintergetreide) (lower part) under constant temperature grades From Ellenberg 1996 Proportion (in %) of all germinated seeds on the temperature grades Prozentuale Verteilung aller gekeimten Samen auf die Temperaturstufen Heat germinating plants, Wärmekeimer germinate between 20 und >30 C Cold germinating plants, Kältekeimer geminate below 20 (bis <7 )

16 Soil-pH range of some arable weeds Laufende Nr.: B ph- Mittelwerte des Jahres 1948 Einer Zehntel 4, , , , R Ausgeprägte Säurezeiger: Rumex acetosella Scleranthus annuus Spergula arvensis Säurezeiger im weit. Sinn: Aphanes arvensis Raphanus raphanistrum Apera spica-venti In der Mitte stehende: Matricaria chamomilla Poa annua Kalk bevorzugende: Sinapis arvensis Fumaria officinalis Papaver rhoeas Sonchus oleraceus Kalkzeiger: Consolida regalis Galium tricornutum Caucalis platycarpos Anagallis foemina

17 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Stellarietea mediae - Class of Arable Weed Communities Order / Ordnung 1: Aperetalia spicae-venti Windhalm-Gesellschaften Anthemis arvensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Scleranthus annuus, Spergula arvensis u.a. On strongly to moderately acidic soils Order / Ordnung 2: Papaveretalia rhoeadis Klatschmohn-Gesellschaften Papaver rhoeas, Sinapis arvensis, Thlaspi arvense, Veronica persica u.a. On base-rich soils Arable weed communities are excellent indicators of soil fertility, and base and nutrient levels. Ackerunkraut-Gesellschaften sind sehr gute Indikatoren des Basen- und Nährstoffgehalts der Böden.

18 Stellarietea mediae - Class of Arable Weed Communities Order / Ordnung 1: Aperetalia spicae-venti - Windhalm-Gesellschaften (+/- saure Äcker) Alliance / Verband 1: Scleranthion annui Alliance / Verband 2: Oxalidion europaeae Winter cereal field weed communities of +/- acidic soils Wintergetreide-Ackerunkraut- Gesellschaften schwach bis betont saurer Böden Beet crop and summer cereal field communities of limefree soils Hackfrucht- und Sommergetreide-Gesellschaften kalkfreier, meist schwach saurer Böden Arable weed communities are excellent indicators of soil conditions And they reflect land use and cropping

19 Scleranthus annuus Aphanes arvensis Oxalis stricta (O. europaea) Apera spica-venti Windhalm

20 Stellarietea mediae - Class of Arable Weed Communities Ordnung 2: Papaveretalia rhoeadis - Klatschmohn-Gesellschaften (on base-rich fields, auf basenreichen Äckern) Alliance / Verband 1: Caucalidion, Haftdolden-Gesellschaften Winter cereal weed communities of calcareous (clayey) soils, Wintergetreide-Gesellschaften kalkreicher Lehmböden Alliance / Verband 2: Veronico-Euphorbion Erdrauch-Gesellschaften Summer cereal, vegetable garden and beet crop communities of base- and nutrient-rich soils Papaver rhoeas - Klatschmohn Sommergetreide-, Garten- und Hackfrucht-Gesellschaften basen- und nährstoffreicher Böden

21 Adonis aestivalis Sommer-Adonisröschen Caucalis platycarpos Acker-Haftdolde

22 Euphorbia helioscopia- Sonnwend-Wolfsmilch Fumaria officinalis Echter Erdrauch

23 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Changes in the Weed Vegetation as a Result of Industrialialized Agriculture Pre-industrial field

24 R N Starke Abnahme Aphanes australis 4 4 Anthoxanthum puelii 2 3 Arnoseris minima 3 4 Teesdalea nudicaulis 1 1 u.a. Abnahme Centaurea cyanus x x Rumex acetosella 2 2 Scleranthus annuus 2 4 u.a. Zunahme Cirsium arvense x 7 Galeopsis tetrahit x 7 Galium aparine 6 8 Myosotis arvensis x 6 Poa annua x 8 Polygonum aviculare 4 8 Persicaria hydropiper 4 8 Stellaria media 7 8 u.a. Starke Zunahme Persicaria maculosa x 7 Tripleurospermum inodorum 6 6 Vicia hirsuta x x Changes in abundance (frequency) of winter cereal weeds from 1937 to 1975 on sandy soils in the north-west German lowlands (after Meisel und Hübschmann 1976, from Ellenberg 1996) R ph Indicator Value, Reaktionszahl Boden N Nutrient Indicator Value, Nährstoffzahl

25 Changes in the Weed Vegetation as a Result of Industrialialized Agriculture Newcomers in maize fields Neuankömmlinge in Maisfeldern Cannabis sativa (Hanf) Panicum miliaceum (Echte Hirse) Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Ambrosie)

26 Allg. & Pflanzensoz. Vegetationsökologie WS 17/ Changes in the Weed Vegetation as a Result of Industrialialized Stellarietea Agriculture mediae - Ackerunkrautgesellschaften Decrease of species numbers / Abnahme absoluter Artenzahlen Decline of arable plants of the seeder and sown groups, and of habitat specialists, especially of non-fertile, acidic and stony soils / Rückgang standörtlich spezialisierter Arten, besonders von Hungerkünstlern unter den Samen- und Saatunkräutern van Gogh: Mohnfeld, 1889 Kunsthalle Bremen Increase of herbicide-resistant and non-specialized species of nutrient-rich soils, and of grass weeds and persistent weeds / Zunahme herbizidresistenter, wenig spezialisierter Arten nährstoffreicher Standorte und besonders von Dauerunkräutern For conservation, herbicide-free agriculture is mandatory and requires compensation payment for farmers. Erhaltung durch herbizidfreie Bewirtschaftung und über finanzielle Kompensationszahlungen für Landwirte (Ackerrandstreifen-Programme u.a.)

27 Floristische Geobotanik (Arealkunde, Chorologie, Plant geography) Distribution of plant taxa, extent and change of distribution areas (Areal, -größe, -wandel) Research questions: 1. Where (is a taxon distributed)? Approach: descriptive, comparative-correlative 2. Why (is the range like [1])? Approach : comparative-correlative, more rarely experimental Taxon, plur. Taxa = taxonomic unit (e.g., subspecies, species, genus) Areal = Verbreitungsgebiet eines Taxons, distribution range

28 from: Schroeder 1998

29 Grid map Based on records in grid fields (here 50 x 50 km) Rasterkarte basiert auf nachgewiesenen Vorkommen in Rasterfeldern aus: Schroeder 1998

30 Fagus sylvatica Contour map Based on records in regional floras and atlases, abstracted Fagus sylvatica - Umrisskarte basiert auf Nachweisen in regionalen Floren- und Kartenwerken, abstrahiert from: Dahlgren 1991

31 Dot map Based on coordinates of vouchers and reliable observations Punktkarte basiert auf den Koordinaten von Herbarbelegen und Beobachtungen aus: Strid & Tan 1997, Flora Hellenica, vol. 1

32 Records obtained from floras Areal-Informationen in Florenwerken for example Epipactis palustris

33 Records obtained from floras Areal-Informationen in Florenwerken for example Epipactis palustris

34 nach 1950 nachgewiesen nach 1950 nicht nachgewiesen Records obtained from floras Areal-Informationen in Florenwerken 4225 Northeim West From Garve, E. 2007: Verbreitungsatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Natursch. Landschaftspfl. Nieders. 43. Hannover Nörten- Hardenberg 4424 Dransfeld TK25: 4425 Göttingen Resource: Datenbank Gefäßpflanzen, NetPhyD, Bundesamt für Naturschutz;