Technologies for lowest NOx and particulate emissions in DIdiesel engine combustion influence of injection parameters, EGR and fuel composition

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Technologies for lowest NOx and particulate emissions in DIdiesel engine combustion influence of injection parameters, EGR and fuel composition Author(s): Bertola, Andrea G. Publication Date: 2004 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss. ETH No Technologies for Lowest NO x and Particulate Emissions in DI-Diesel Engine Combustion - Influence of Injection Parameters, EGR and Fuel Composition A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of DOCTOR OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES presented by Andrea G. Bertola Dipl. Masch.-Ing. ETH born September 7, 1972 citizen of Vacallo / TI Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. K. Boulouchos Prof. Dr. M. K. Eberle Dr. E. Brucker 2003

3 Abstract The present work attempts to assess the potential of in-cylinder combustion technologies for the emissions minimization of direct injected heavy-duty diesel engines. A comprehensive set of test bench measurements of emissions, fuel consumption and indicated cylinder pressure has been compiled; analytical methods are used to compute relevant thermodynamic parameters from experimental data, thus helping to understand in-depth the cause and effect relations of the measured trends. The work focuses mainly on the evaluation of the influence of thermochemical quantities (exhaust gas recirculation rate EGR, start of injection, oxygen content in the air charge and in the fuel), and of fluidmechanical parameters (injection pressure, injector tip configurations). Key parameters for understanding the observed trends are burned flame temperatures, heat release rate (ignition delay, premixed and diffusion part), characteristic mixing times and NO x /soot emission formation reaction kinetics. In-cylinder emission control technologies, as e.g. fuel injection system optimization, use of exhaust gas recirculation, and modification of fuel composition have been analyzed in detail. Extreme combustion regimes in terms of maximum burn rate, homogeneous combustion portion, and reaction zone temperature have been achieved by means of varying fuel injection rate and timing, oxygen availability (cylinder charge and/or in the fuel) and water content in the emulsified fuel. The novelties consist in having implemented these technologies singularly and combined in order to explore borderline cases thus providing precise data on advantages and limits of each approach. The correlation of particle measurements in the exhaust gas (particulate number size concentration) with relevant parameters in diesel engine combustion is also unique in this context so far. Nitrogen oxide emissions have been reduced by decreasing the maximum combustion temperature through the use of cooled EGR and/or by making use of the cooling effects of water evaporation in the combustion regions (using water-diesel fuel emulsions). The combination of these measures with a flexible common-rail injection system capable of highest fuel injection rates has been found to be very effective in lowering simultaneously both NO and soot formation. While the largest suppression of NO x is performed as usual by implementing high degrees of exhaust gas recirculation, considerable PM advantages are obtained by using waterdiesel fuel emulsions. The engine can therefore be operated at lower global air/ fuel ratios while still maintaining PM emissions constant and at low level. iii

4 Since particulate emissions are strongly dependent on both reaction zone temperature and availability of oxygen at molecular scales during the soot oxidation process, and all measures considered here influence these parameters distinctly; the results presented in this work can help to optimize the diesel engine combustion process depending on the particular engine-out emission requirements. iv

5 Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf zukünftige Emissionsvorschriften soll hier ein Beitrag zur Evaluation des Potentials moderner Brennverfahren in der dieselmotorischen Verbrennung vor allem mit Bezug auf die Minimierung von Schadstoffemissionen geleistet werden; insbesondere interessiert die Minimierung der Schadstoff-Emissionen NO x und Partikel. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden an einem aufgeladenen Vierzylinder-Nutzfahrzeugdieselmotor mit Common-Rail Einspritzung durchgeführt. Neben Messungen von Emissionen (NO x, Opazität, Partikelgrössenverteilung) und Brennstoffverbrauch - als Mass der thermodynamischen Prozessqualität - ermöglichten Indizierdaten die Berechnung relevanter thermodynamischen Kenngrössen. Diese umfassen unter anderem Zündverzug, Anteil der Vormisch- und Diffusionsphase, charakteristische Mischungszeit sowie Temperatur verschiedener Zonen des Arbeitsmediums gemäss dem Mehrzonenansatz. Der Einfluss von thermochemischen (Abgasrückführungsrate, Phasenlage der Einspritzung, Sauerstoffgehalt in Luft und Brennstoff) und strömungsmechanischen Grössen (Einspritzdruck, charakteristische Mischungszeit) sowie von reaktionskinetischen Parametern wurde systematisch analysiert. Dabei ist sowohl auf die Minimierung der Partikelemissionen bei niedrigen NO x -Werten als auch auf die Untersuchung von Extremfällen im NO x -PM Tradeoff besonderer Wert gelegt worden. In diesem Sinne stellen die Grenzbetrachtungen mit den hier eingesetzten Technologien - insbesondere in ihrer kombinierten Anwendung - und die Gegenüberstellung von Partikelgrössenverteilungen und verbrennungsrelevanten Parametern eine Novität dar. Bei der untersuchten Krafstoffzusammensetzung handelt es sich einerseits um Wasser-Diesel-Emulsionen und andererseits um sauerstoffhaltige Dieseladditive. Um den Einfluss der Krafstoffzusammensetzung möglichst genau zu charakterisieren, wurden bei den motorischen Versuchen verschiedene Einspritzstrategien verfolgt. Bei konstanter Einspritzrate werden Stickoxid- und Partikelemissionen proportional zum Wasseranteil reduziert. Bei einer Erhöhung des Einspritzdruckes von Wasser-Diesel-Emulsionen unter konstanter Einspritzdauer (gleiche zugeführte chemische Energierate), verhalten sich die NO x Emissionen unabhängig vom Brennstoff-Wasseranteil. Die Partikelemissionen werden in diesem Fall noch stärker vermindert; die Messung von Partikelgrössenverteilungen hat sich hier als unabdingbar erwiesen, um extrem tiefe Partikelkonzentrationen im Abgasstrom noch charakterisieren zu können. Die Kombination von gekühlter Abgasrückführung, Hochdruckeinspritzung und Verwendung von Emulsionen er- v

6 laubte die Minimierung der Partikelemissionen bei gleichzeitig niedrigen NO x - Werten. Mit Hilfe von Prozessimulationen konnten unterschiedliche Abgasrückführungskonfigurationen am selben Motor untersucht und optimiert werden (intern ungekühlt, extern hochdruckseitig gekühlt, extern niederdruckseitig gekühlt). Betreffend Brennstoffverbrauch und erreichbarer maximaler Rückführraten im Motorkennfeld ist die externe niederdruckseitige gekühlte AGR den anderen beiden Konzepten deutlich überlegen. Diese AGR Variante könnte zudem durchaus in Zukunft, beispielsweise durch den Einsatz von Abgasnachbehandlungssystemen, an Bedeutung gewinnen. Die Abgasnachbehandlung und die externe niederdruckseitige AGR sind komplementär da niederdruckseitige Abgasrückführung erst mit dem Einsatz eines Partikelfilters praktisch realisiert werden kann (um den Verdichter zu schützen), und andererseits bei niedrigen Lasten (ungünstige Temperaturfenster für NO x -Verminderung durch Abgasnachbehandlung) grosse Mengen AGR einfach zu handhaben sind (wenig Kühlungsbedarf). Die experimentell gewonnenen Datensätze können zusätzlich zur Validierung von sich momentan in der Entwicklung befindenden Schadstoffentstehungsmodellen für die dieselmotorische Verbrennung verwendet werden. vi

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