FRQNT Research Day Montreal, Canada, April 11 th, 2011 Balancing renewable energies the European Challenge Jürgen Karl Chair of Energy Process Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany
1. Impact of Renewable Energies on the European energy system Electricity costs Grid stability Employment effects Security-of-supply 2. Back-up solutions for renewable energies Back-up technologies for renewable energies Decentralized or centralized generation 3. Storage solutions for the Energiewende Storage tasks Chemical s 4. Ongoing energy research @ FAU Fuel cell reserach Biomass gasification Methanation of biogenic syngas Folie 2
1. Impact of Renewable Energies on the European energy system Electricity costs Grid stability Employment effects Security-of-supply Folie 3 Folie 3
Impact of the Renewable Energy Law in Germany German Renewable Energy Law ( EEG ) initiated a booming industry Biomass, Wind and PV cover up to 88 % of Germany s actual power consumption approximately 33% of the annual power consumption in 2015 50% Installed capacity 47,3 % Installed capacity(kw) 7 x 33 x 40% 30% 20% Photovoltaics 39,8 GW 37 x 10% Wind power 44,7 GW Folie 4 EEG surpassed all expectations 0% 1990 2000 2010 2015
RLS Energy Network Panel, isenec, Nürnberg, July 12th, 2016 Public perception the Energiewende faces an intensive discussion in Germany Folie 5
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Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewable energies kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply Folie 7
Electricity prices at the European Energy Exchange Excess of renewable electricity droped average electricity prices from 6 to 2 ct/kwh German privileged *) industries experienced the lowest power prices in Europe Folie 8 *) energy intensive industries, i.e. 25% of the German power consumption Phelix Day Base 10 ct/kwh 8 ct/kwh 6 ct/kwh 4 ct/kwh 2 ct/kwh electricity price installed renewable capacity 100 GW 80 GW 60 GW 40 GW 20 GW Installed capacity renewables www.eex.de, 8.4.2017
Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewables kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would have been more expensive Folie 9
Discussion grid stability Wind power concentrates in northern Germany, PV in the South transport capacities are (probably ) not sufficient on the long-term Folie 10
System Average Interruption Duration SAIDI Index the SAIDI/SAIFI indices describe the reliability of the electricity supply The SAIDI index is defined as the system average interruption duration for customers served per year. Total Customer-Hours/Minutes of Interruptions SAIDI = Total Customers Served Folie 11
share of renewables installed capacity in % System Average Interruption Duration SAIDI Index the SAIDI/SAIFI indices describe the reliability of the electricity supply 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% minutes per year 25 20 15 10 5 0 21,5 19,3 16,9 Germany 14,6 14,9 www.bundesnetzagentur.de 15,3 15,9 15,3 12,3 solar wind 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% USA Larsen, Peter H., et al. "Recent trends in power system reliability and implications for evaluating future investments in resiliency." Energy 117 (2016): 29-46. minutes per year 250 200 150 100 50 0 hydro EEG in Zahlen 2014, www.bundesnetzagentur.de DOE, 2015 Renewable Energy Data Book Folie 12
Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewable energies kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would have been more expensive Folie 13
Impact of renewable energies on employment situation in Germany Renewable energies created more than 360.000 thousand jobs But volatile markets cause currently large uncertainties approx. 756.000 employes Folie 14 Approx. 363100 employes
Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewables kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would heve been more expensive Folie 15
2 nd Challenge: Age structure of the conventional power plant structure 541 TWh 614 TWh Deficites due to shutdowns within the next 10 years: Germany - 257 TWh (42%) France - 360 TWh (66%) 60 years 50 40 30 next 10 years closed down (regular) lifetime 40 years *) *) design specification under construction (gas + coal) Germany approx. France approx. Folie 16 + 9 TWh + 16 TWh planned Renewables in Germany ( Ausbaukorridor ) + 113 TWh (18%) nuclear lignite coal natural gas oil 20 10 8 6 4 2 Germany Sources: http://globalenergyobservatory.org https://www.iaea.org/pris, Kraftwerksliste BNetzA Energiedaten BMWi and others 0 2 4 6 France 8 GW
Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewables kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would heve been more expensive Folie 17
1. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Folie 18
2. Back-up solutions for renewable energies Back-up technologies for renewable energies Decentralized or centralized generation Folie 19
Why will upcoming energy systems be small? Public acceptance, investment risks and fossil fuel prices will further delay new conventional power plants Renewable energies will have to substitute large conventional power plants but renewable energies need back-up solutions! Folie 20
Why will upcoming energy systems be small? Public acceptance, investment risks and fossil fuel prices will further delay new conventional power plants Renewable energies will have to substitute large conventional power plants PEM electrolyser, Siemens PEM Electrolyser Smart UPS systems Storage EnergyServer, Bloomenergy Folie 21 CHP solutions (i.e. Fuel Cells, gas engines, microturbines, ORC )
1. 2. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Key technologies on the medium- and long-term are small-scale (CHP-) systems and storage solutions Folie 22
3. Storage solutions for the Energiewende Storage tasks Chemical s Folie 23
Storage tasks Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Folie 24
A Summer Week in Germany Power Production In GW 70 60 Increasing the share of wind and PV requires affordable and efficient back-up capacities Todays PV power PV 50 40 30 20 Requires efficient daily load shift 10 of PV power to the base load Mo 15.07. Tue 16.07. Wed 17.07. Thu 18.07. continued installation of PV Fr 19.07. Sat 20.07. Su 21.07.2013 Wind Natural Gas bituminous coial lignite Nuclear Hydro Folie 25
Storage tasks Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Peak Power Storage solutions Highly dynamic Systems with high capacity z.b. uses existing power plant infrastructure Folie 26
A Spring Week in Germany Increasing the share of wind and PV requires affordable and efficient back-up capacities Increasing the share of wind and PV requires affordable and most flexible back-up capacities Power Production In GW 70 60 50 PV Wind Pumped hydro Folie 27 40 30 Energiewende further requires *) cheap *) due to low runtimes 10 back-up 20 capacities (i.e. gas turbines) Mo 15.04. Tue 16.04. Wed 17.04. Thu 18.04. Fr 19.04. Sat 20.04. Natural Gas bituminous coial lignite Nuclear Hydro Su 21.04.2013 By-the way: gas turbines don t have to be efficient
Storage tasks Large storage Systems (Second Generation Fuels) Long-term storage of PV and Wind power Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Systems with large Storage Capacities (Second Generation Fuels and Chemical Storage) Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Peak Power Storage solutions Highly dynamic Systems with high capacity z.b. uses existing power plant infrastructure Folie 28
RLS Energy Network Panel, isenec, Nürnberg, July 12th, 2016 Power generation in Germany Winter 2010-2013 Solar power is generally low in winter times Problematic are in particular low wind periods Leistung in MW 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 80000 Januar Februar März 2010 März 2011 60000 40000 20000 0 80000 Januar 2 weeks Dunkelflaute Februar conv. generation Wind PV 60000 40000 20000 0 80000 Januar Februar März 2012 Januar Februar März 2013 60000 40000 20000 Folie 29 0
Power production in Germany Solar power is generally low in winter times Winter 2010-2013 Problematic are in particular low wind periods Strategic storage systems have to secure up to two weeks Leistung in MW 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 Januar Februar März Solution: Second Generation Fuels / Power-to-X Wind und PV x 5 0 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 2 weeks Dunkelflaute (= dark lull) Wind and PV x 10 Folie 30 2011
Storage tasks 3 strategic storage Large storage Systems (Second Generation Fuels) Long-term storage of PV and Wind power Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Systems with large Storage Capacities (Second Generation Fuels and Chemical Storage) 1 Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems efficient storage z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Peak Power Storage solutions Highly dynamic Systems with high capacity z.b. uses existing power plant infrastructure 2 peak load storage Folie 31
Storage tasks 1 efficient storage 2 Peak load storage 3 strategic storage Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Systems with large Storage Capacities (Second Generation Fuels and Chemical Storage) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% target: η=100% 1,5 Mio. batteries target: 20 GW 15.000 batteries 100 plants 1 plant target: 20 TWh 1,5 Mio. batteries Existing gas power plants and gas storage 100 plant Folie 32
1. 2. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Key technologies on the medium- and long-term are small-scale (CHP-) systems and storage solutions 3. Different storage tasks require different storage technologies and business cases Folie 33
4. Ongoing energy research @ FAU Fuel cell reserach Biomass gasification Methanation of biogenic syngas Folie 34
Example Fuel Cell / Electrolyser research @ FAU Load flexible SOFC Fuel Cells / SOEC electrolysers for high temperature electrolysis for the production of renewable hydrogen Integration of heat pipes into the stack Repeating unit stack without HP Air inlet cell5 cell1 Fuel inlet Repeating unit stack Air inlet Planar Heat Pipe Folie 35 Heatpipe Interconnector cell5 with 1 HP every 10 cell layers cell1 1020 K 1350 K Fuel inlet
Example Biomass gasification @ FAU 1. Schritt: Thermal gasification Hydrogen from Biomass In-situ extraction of pure Hydrogen with metallic membranes (technology: Heatpipe Reformer) CH x O y + H 2 O (Biomasse) gasifications CO + 3 H 2 + CO 2, H 2 O, etc. ultra pure hydrogen Folie 36
Example Second Generation Fuels @ FAU Allothermal gasification (Heatpipe reformer) SNG production from sulfurous fuels Syngas cleaning and process chain demonstration 1. Step: Thermal gasification Production of synthetic natural gas" ("Methanation") from biomass and lignite CH x O y + H 2 O (Biomass) gasification CO + 3 H 2 + CO 2, H 2 O, etc. CO CH 4 Folie 37 2. Step: Methanation hydrogen + 3 hydrogenation + H 2 O, CO2, heat
1. 2. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Key technologies on the medium- and long-term are small-scale (CHP-) systems and storage solutions 3. Different storage tasks require different storage technologies and business cases 4. Upcoming challenges require to maximize our joint research activities and transnational cooperation Folie 38