Adaptation to harsh environmental conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana An epigenetic perspective

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Adaptation to harsh environmental conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana An epigenetic perspective Author(s): Suter, Léonie Publication Date: 2012 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss. ETH No Adaptation to harsh environmental conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana: an epigenetic perspective A dissertation submitted to ETH ZÜRICH for the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES presented by Léonie Suter MSc ETH Biology, ETH Zürich born October 1, 1982 citizen of Zürich (ZH) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Alex Widmer, examiner Prof. Dr. Rolf Holderegger, co-examiner Dr. Oliver Bossdorf, co-examiner

3 Summary When facing heterogeneous environments or changing climates, organisms that are capable of adapting to variable conditions are expected to have a selective advantage. The potential to adapt to novel conditions is often thought to be limited by the genetic variation existing in a population. However, on top of genetic variation, epigenetic variation can also affect phenotypic variation. Furthermore, epigenetic variation can be directly influenced by environmental conditions and can sometimes be inherited to subsequent generations. Thus, in addition to genetic variation, epigenetic variation could be involved in adaptation to local or novel environments. Epigenetics can be defined as heritable information that is not directly encoded in the DNA. On a molecular level the focus often lies on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA molecules, each of which can affect the regulation of gene expression. The aim of this PhD thesis was to assess in Arabidopsis thaliana the role of epigenetics both in de novo adaptation to harsh environmental conditions and in local adaptation of natural populations originating from an environmental cline. In chapter I we examined whether the exposure to heat or salt stress over three generations could induce phenotypic changes. By using highly inbred A. thaliana accessions and a relatively large number of independent replications, we could exclude genetic differentiation between control and stress lines as important source of phenotypic change. Whether or not transgenerational phenotypic effects were induced by ancestral stress depended on several variables, such as type of stress, genotype and number of stressed generations. When phenotypic changes were found they showed several modes of responses, such as a shift of the mean or increased variance of a 5

4 certain phenotypic trait, suggesting that under certain conditions, induced epigenetic variance may alter phenotypes in potentially adaptive ways. In chapter II we extended this study by growing stressed and control lines for a fourth and fifth generation. We assessed whether maternal or paternal inheritance conveys phenotypic changes over generations by manually conducting crosses between stressed and controlled lines. Additionally we crossed two accessions to assess how F1 hybrids compare to their parental genotypes. Again not all treatment and genotype combinations revealed transgenerational effects. Where we could identify effects across generations, they were inherited both maternally and paternally. Moreover, effects lasted only for one generation after stress exposure, further corroborating dynamic, reversible epigenetic variation as source of induced phenotypic changes. F1 hybrids performed different to either parental genotype, suggesting that complex interactions between epigenetic and genetic variation integrate to observed phenotypic outcomes. To assess the role of epigenetic variation in adaptation to local conditions, in chapter III we exposed 15 A. thaliana populations originating from an altitudinal cline ( m) to a range of vernalization treatments and determined flowering time. Additionally, we measured the expression of genes of the vernalization pathway, which is known to be regulated by epigenetic processes. Flowering time was associated with altitude, such that high altitude populations initiated flowering more slowly after vernalization than low altitude populations. This observation was corroborated by gene expression analyses, which revealed that a number of genes, particularly from FLC-independent branches of the vernalization pathway, may be involved in adaptation of flowering time to altitude, probably through a combination of genetic variation and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. 6

5 Zusammenfassung Lebewesen, die sich an variable Umweltbedingungen anpassen können, haben meist einen selektiven Vorteil in heterogenen Lebensräumen oder im Falle eines sich verändernden Klimas. Häufig wird angenommen, dass das Potential, sich an neue Bedingungen anzupassen, durch die genetische Variation einer Population beschränkt wird. Der Phänotyp kann allerdings nicht nur von genetischer, sondern auch von epigenetischer Variation beeinflusst werden. Darüberhinaus kann epigenetische Variation direkt von der Umwelt beeinflusst und unter gewissen Umständen auch an nachfolgende Generationen vererbt werden. Deshalb könnte zusätzlich zu genetischer Variation auch epigenetische Variation in der Anpassung an lokale oder neue Umweltbedingungen eine Rolle spielen. Epigenetik kann als erbliche Information, die nicht direkt in der DNS kodiert ist, definiert werden. Molekular liegt der Fokus häufig auf DNS-Methylierung, Histonmodifikationen und RNS Molekülen, die alle die Regulierung der Genexpression beeinflussen können. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, die Rolle von Epigenetik bei Arabidopsis thaliana, sowohl für die de novo Anpassung an raue Umweltbedingungen, als auch für die lokale Anpassung natürlicher Populationen entlang eines Umweltgradienten, zu untersuchen. In Kapitel I untersuchten wir, ob Hitze- oder Salzstress über drei Generationen zu phänotypischen Veränderungen führen kann. Da wir Inzuchtlinien von A. thaliana und eine relativ grosse Anzahl Replikate verwendeten, konnten wir genetische Veränderungen zwischen Kontroll- und Stresslinien als Hauptursache von phänotypischen Veränderungen ausschliessen. Generationenübergreifende phänotypische Effekte aufgrund von Stress in früheren Generationen hingen von mehreren Variablen, wie der Art des Stresses, Genotyp und Anzahl gestresster Generationen, ab. Wenn phänotypische Veränderungen auftraten, zeigten sie sich auf verschiedene Weisen, wie z.b. durch Verlagerung des Durchschnittswerts oder 7

6 erhöhte Varianz eines Merkmals. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass unter bestimmten Bedingungen induzierte epigenetische Varianz Phänotypen in potentiell adaptiver Weise verändern kann. In Kapitel II erweiterten wir die vorangegangene Studie, indem wir Stress- und Kontrolllinien eine vierte und fünfte Generation wachsen liessen. Wir untersuchten, ob phänotypische Veränderungen mütterlicher- oder väterlicherseits vererbt werden, indem wir Stress- und Kontrolllinien von Hand kreuzten. Zusätzlich kreuzten wir zwei Genotypen, um zu untersuchen, wie sich F1 Hybride im Vergleich zu den elterlichen Genotypen verhielten. Wieder führten nicht alle Kombinationen von Stress und Genotyp zu generationenübergreifenden Effekten. Wenn Effekte auftraten, wurden sie sowohl mütterlicher- als auch väterlicherseits vererbt. Ausserdem überdauerten sie nur eine Generation nach dem Stress, was dynamische, reversible epigenetische Variation als Ursache der induzierten phänotypischen Veränderungen weiter bestätigt. F1 Hybride verhielten sich anders als beide elterlichen Genotypen, was auf komplexe Interaktionen zwischen epigenetischer und genetischer Variation hindeutet. Um die Rolle von epigenetischer Variation in der Anpassung an lokale Umweltbedingungen zu untersuchen, liessen wir 15 A. thaliana Populationen, die von einem Höhengradienten (800 m 2700 m) stammten, unter unterschiedlichen Vernalisationsbedingungen wachsen. Zusätzlich untersuchten wir die Expressionsmuster von Genen des Vernalisations-Signalwegs, welcher bekanntermassen von epigenetischen Prozessen reguliert wird. Populationen aus Höhenlagen induzierten das Blühen langsamer als Populationen aus Tieflagen. Genexpressionsanalysen bestärkten diese Beobachtungen, und einige Gene, speziell von FLC-unabhängigen Teilen des Signalwegs, könnten in der Anpassung des Blühzeitpunktes an Höhe involviert sein, vermutlich durch eine Kombination von genetischer Variation und epigenetischer Regulation der Genexpression. 8

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