Grundkurs Computernetzwerke

Transkript

1 Grundkurs Computernetzwerke Eine kompakte Einführung in Netzwerk- und Internet-Technologien 2010 / 2. Auflage Autor Buchtitel Vieweg+TeubnerPLUS Zusatzinformationen zu Medien des Vieweg+Teubner Verlags Kapitel 10 / Funknetz-Technologien für das mobile Internet

2 Übertragungs- kapazität (kbit/s) (7.200) (14.400) ,2 115,2 (53,6) (57,6) ,4 10 (9,6) GSM HSCSD GPRS 473,6 (236,8) EDGE 384 (384) UMTS (UTRA- FDD) HSPA (HSDPA/ HSUPA) HSPA+ LTE ? 2G-Mobilfunk: GSM 3G-Mobilfunk: UMTS/LTE Mobilfunk-Technologien im Zeitablauf (Zahlen in Klammern): maximale reale Datenraten in der Praxis

3 GSM-900 GSM-1800 Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink GSM-850 (USA) GSM-1900 (USA) MHz UTRA-FDD UTRA-FDD Uplink 1 Frequenzblockpaar mit je 2 x 5 MHz Downlink UTRA-TDD UTRA-TDD MHz

4 Downlink: 124 Kanäle zu je 200 khz Uplink: 124 Kanäle zu je 200 khz GSM FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) F 960 MHz 935 MHz 915 MHz 890 MHz Kanal 124 Kanal 1 Kanal 124 Kanal 1.. t GSM TDMA-Rahmen mit 8 TDMA-Kanälen Tail Bits Data Bits Flags GSM Zeitschlitz (Burst) für 1 TDMA-Kanal ,25 Training Sequence Guard Space GSM TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

5 RSS (Radio Sub-System) NSS (Network Sub-System) MS Funkzellen U m BSS BSC BSS TRAU VLR MSC VLR HLR AC EIR Andere Mobilfunk- netze MS BTS U m BSC BSS TRAU MSC GMSC PSTN ISDN PDN MS BTS BTS U m A bis BSC A OMC (Operations and Maintenance Center) Signaling: Signaling and Traffic: Interfaces:

6 MS BTS BSC MSC CM CM MM MM 3 BSSAP RR BSSAP RR SCCP SCCP RR BTSM BTSM MTP3 MTP3 2 LAPD m LAPD m LAPD LAPD MTP2 MTP2 1 Funk Funk PCM PCM MTP1 MTP1 OSI- Schichten 22,8 kbit/s (13 kbit/s Sprachdaten) 2,048 Mbit/s (32 Kanäle à 16/64 kbit/s) N x 2,048 Mbit/s (N x 32 Kanäle à 16/64 kbit/s) U m A bis A

7 MS BTS BSC V-MSC/ HLR GMSC ISDN VLR t Channel Req. Channel Ass. Routing Paging Request (TMSI) Paging Paging Result (Cell ID, TMSI) Authentication Request (RAND) Authentication Response (SRES) Cipher Mode Request Cipher Mode Complete Response Setup Call Call Confirm Assignment Request (TCH) Assignment Complete Alerting Connect Connect ACK PRN (IMSI) SRI (MSISDN)IAM (MSISDN) PRN R(MSRN)SRI R(MSRN) Triplet Req. Triplet Resp. IAM (MSRN) Authentication/Ciphering Radio Channel Setup ACM ANM ACM ANM Connection Setup t

8 RSS (Radio Sub-System) NSS (Network Sub-System) MS BTS MS U m U m BSS BSC A MSC VLR TRAU PCU GSM Backbone GMSC Externe Netze PSTN ISDN MS BTS U m EIR AC HLR/GR Signaling: Signaling and Traffic: Interfaces: MS BTS U m PCU G r G n G c BSC BTS SGSN Backbone GGSN A bis G b GPRS G i Internet

9 MS BSS SGSN GGSN Application (BTS und BSC) IP/X.25 GTP 3, 4 SNDCP SNDCP UDP IP LLC LLC 2 RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP ATM MAC MAC FR FR 1 Funk Funk E1 E1 SDH IP/X.25 GTP UDP IP ATM SDH OSI- Schichten U m PCU G b G n

10 GSM Zeitschlitz (Burst) für 1 TDMA-Kanal Tail Bits Data Bits Flags ,25 Training Sequence Guard Space Tail Bits Data Bits Flags (57 x 3 +2) 178 (26 x 3)1 173 (57 x 3 +2) 9 24,75 Training Sequence Guard Space EDGE Zeitschlitz (Burst) für 1 TDMA-Kanal

11 Multiplextechnik für Mobilfunknetze Frequenz FDMA... Code TDMA CDMA UTRA FDD von UMTS... Zeit Frequenz Leistung 1 Frame... Downlink 5 MHz Code n... Nutzkanal n Uplink 5 MHz Code 1 Nutzkanal 1 Zeit

12 UE UE UE UE UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) Node B Node B Node B Node B U u U u U u U u I ub I ub RNS RNC RNC RNS I u CS I u PS MSC VLR SGSN CN (Core Network) CS Backbone HLR AC PS Backbone EIR GMSC GGSN Externe Netze PSTN ISDN Signaling: Signaling and Traffic: Interfaces: Internet

13 UE UTRAN 3G-SGSN 3G-GGSN (Node B und RNC) Application IP-Tunnel IP/PPP/ IP/PPP/ 3, 4 PDCP PDCP RLC RLC 2 MAC MAC GTP UDP IP AAL5 ATM GTP UDP IP AAL5 ATM GTP UDP IP L2 GTP UDP IP L2 1 Funk Funk L1 L1 L1 L1 OSI- Schichten U u I u PS G n

14 Funknetz-Typen WPAN WLAN WMAN WWAN Übertragungs- kapazität Mbit/s Bluetooth ZigBee Bluetooth WiFi n WiFi a/g WiFi b WiMAX / e (MBWA ) 4G Mobilfunk 3,9G (LTE) Mobilfunk 3,5G (HSPA) 3G (UMTS) Mobilfunk Reichweite ca. 10 m ca. 100 m bis 50 km bis 30 km Standards IEEE IEEE (und ETSI HiperLAN) IEEE (und ETSI BRAN) 3GPP (3rd Gen. Partner- ship Project)

15 Ad-hoc-Netzwerke Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) BSS (Infrastructure Basic Service Set) AP (Access Point) Switch/Router Ethernet, DSL etc. ESS (Extended Service Set) AP AP Switch AP DS (Distribution System)

16 OSI-Schichten 3-7 Höhere Schichten ht (TCP/IP und HTTP, FTP etc.) 2b 2a Logical Link Control (LLC) Synchroner Dienst: Point Coordination Function (PCF), optional Asynchroner Dienst: Distributed Coordination Function (DCF), Standard MIMO- OFDM 1 HR- Infrarot FHSS DSSS OFDM OFDM DSSS IEEE b g a n Standardserie d

17 A FHSS DSSS A OFDM Normales Signal F F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 F 7 F 8 Verfügbare Bandbreite F Gespreiztes Signal F Bandbreite bei FDM F F F K3 K2 A 8 F 7 K3 K1 1 0 F Band- 6 K2 K1 K3 F 5 K3 K2 Nutzdatenbits F breitenersparnis F 3 K1 K1 K3 F 4 K2 K1 F 2 K2 K2 F 1 K3 K F F Kanäle: K1 K2 K3 t Chip-Sequenz Bandbreite bei OFDM

18 Medienzugriff mit CSMA/CA Sender Empfänger Weitere Stationen DIFS Data SIFS ACK DIFS Wartezeit Wettbewerb über Back-off-Zeit Data Zeit Medienzugriff mit CSMA/CA und RTS/CTS-Erweiterung Sender Empfänger Weitere Stationen DIFS RTS Data SIFS SIFS SIFS CTS NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) ACK Back-off-Zeit DIFS RTS Wartezeit Zeit

19 IEEE Daten-Frame Bytes: Frame Duration/ Address Address Address Sequence Address 1 Control ID 2 3 Control 4 Data FCS Protocol Type Subtype To From More Power More Retry Version DS DS Frag Mgmt Data WEP Order Bits: Struktur des Feldes Frame Control

20 Bluetooth-Piconet S P M S SB S M: Master S: Slave M/S: Master/Slave P: Parked SB: Standby Bluetooth-Scatternet S S S M/S M S M S S SB SB P Piconet 1 Piconet 2 Piconet 3

21 OSI- Schichten ht 5-7 Spezifikation der Bluetooth SIG Applications/Profiles 4 Other LLC RFCOMM TCS SDP 3 LLC Audio L2CAP Link Manager Control 2 MAC Baseband 1 Physical Bluetooth Radio IEEE 802 Standards IEEE

22 625 µs 625 µs 625 µs Slot Slot Slot 1/1.600 second Bits 54 Bits Bits Access Code Header Payload Preamble Sync Word (Trailer) Bluetooth Baseband Packet The 18 bit header is encoded with a rate 1/3 FEC resulting in a 54 bit header oder AM Address Type Flow ARQN SEQN HEC

23 Slave Master Slave L2CAP L2CAP L2CAP Baseband Baseband Baseband Bluetooth Radio ACL-Link Verbindungsorientierter Kanal Signalisierungskanal Verbindungsloser Kanal

24 WiMAX-Netztopologien WLAN WLAN WLAN WLAN Point-to-Point (Backhaul, Hotspots) Point-to-Multipoint (DSL) Point-to-All (Nomadic Mobility) OSI-Schichten 2b bis 7 WiMAX-Standard Higher Layers 2a MAC-CS (MAC Convergence Sublayer) MAC-CPS CPS (MAC Common Part Sublayer) MAC-PS (MAC Privacy Sublayer) 1 Physical Layer QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM

25 GERAN (2G/2,5G) UTRAN (3G) SGSN HSS GPRS Core PCRF UE UE LTE-U u enb LTE-U u MME S-GW PDN-GW enb E-UTRAN (Extended UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) EPC (Evolved Packet Core) Internet