Cultivation and Use of Renewable Primary Products in Bioenergy Plants in Germany

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1 Renewables Made in Germany in Spain Cultivation and Use of Renewable Primary Products in Bioenergy Plants in Germany Dr. Maendy Technology and Support Centre (TFZ) in the Centre of Excellence for Renewable Resources 08 P Fr 124

2 Outline Renewable Resources and Bioenergy Bioenergy from Biomass Examples: Crops as Renewable Resources Trees and other crops Miscanthus Maize and other crops as biogas substrate 08 P Fr 125

3 Outline Renewable Resources and Bioenergy Bioenergy from Biomass Examples: Crops as Renewable Resources Trees and other crops Miscanthus Maize and other crops as biogas substrate 08 P Fr 126

4 Bioenergy Importance of bioenergy in the sector of renewable energy 2006 total Biomass (heat) Biomass (electricity) Biofuels Hydropower Wind energy Solar thermic Geothermic systems Photovoltaics 08 P Fr 130

5 Outline Renewable Resources and Bioenergy Bioenergy from Biomass Examples: Crops as Renewable Resources Trees and other crops Miscanthus Maize and other crops as biogas substrate 08 P Fr 127

6 Bioenergy from Biomass Biomass for energy recovery ist used as Solid fuel heat, electricity Wood, chaff wood, pellets,... combustion in private households, industry, heat (and power) stations Liquid fuel mobility, electricity biodiesel, vegetable oil etc. Gasiform fuel electricity, heat, (mobility) Substrate for biogas plants 08 P Fr 138

7 Cultivation of Renewable Primary Products Increase of the area under crops in Germany from Area under crops in hectare Utilisation as renewable material Fibre crops Medical plants Sugar Oil Starch Utilisation for energy Sugar/Starch for bioethanol Crops for biogas Rapeseed for biodiesel/oil 08 P Fr 149

8 Energy content of Biomass The energy content of each column matches the content of 1 litre fuel oil. From left to right: Miscanthus chaff Straw chaff Cereal whole plant chaff Sawdust spruce Pine chaff Spruce log Beech log Hydrogen Straw pellets Wood pellets Ethanol Black coal Vegetable oil Fuel oil 08 P Fr 150

9 Outline Renewable Resources and Bioenergy Bioenergy from Biomass Examples: Crops as Renewable Resources Trees and other crops Miscanthus Maize and other crops as biogas substrate 08 P Fr 128

10 Crops for Combustion Forest trees Trees in plantations mostly poplar and willow In Germany maximum use of the plantation: 30 years,otherwise farmland will turn into forest Special equipment for planting and harvest needed Wood chaff Miscanthus Whole plants like cereal crops and: biogenous material (mostly in pellets) 08 P Fr 139

11 Outline Renewable Resources and Bioenergy Bioenergy from Biomass Examples: Crops as Renewable Resources Trees and other crops Miscanthus Maize and other crops as biogas substrate 08 P Fr 129

12 Generell information about Miscanthus Neophyt Sterile seeds no easy spreading reproduction by rhizomes and in-virto-plants high costs High water demand, but waterlogging is harmful Leaves fall off and stay on the field low nutritional requirements very good weed elimination after first year 12 to >20 t dry matter yield per year Conbustion characteristics are poor (high dust contingent, low ash melting point, high ash amounts, low density) 08 P Fr 136

13 Utilisation of Miscanthus Thermal utilisation in form of pellets or chaff Solid fuel boiler for private households Co-combustile in coal-fired power stations (e.g. in GB) Utilisation as biogas substrate due to high biomass yields but: yield-depression after 1-2 years! Use as renewable resource Litter for horses and in gardens Addition to conrete Compressed wood Automobile industry 08 P Fr 131

14 Miscanthus crop early autumn Goliath Giganteus Gracillimus 08 P Fr 132

15 Miscanthus crop, winter Giganteus Goliath 08 P Fr 134

16 Miscanthus crop, spring = harvest time 08 P Fr 133

17 Miscanthus as biogas substrate Harvest system Year (control) normal harvest early harvest - green biomass plant growth 08 P Fr 152

18 Miscanthus as biogas substrate Normal harvest Spring 2007 Early harvest in August nd early harvest in August P Fr 137

19 Miscanthus as biogas substrate 4 control Harvest variation normal harvest early harvest Dry matter yield 08 P Fr 151

20 Outline Renewable Resources and Bioenergy Bioenergy from Biomass Examples: Crops as Renewable Resources Trees and other crops Miscanthus Maize and other crops as biogas substrate 08 P Fr 129

21 Biogas production in Germany Number of biogas plants: Total power 2007 Electricity production MW 8,9 TWh Rate of electricity consumption 1,5 % Heat production 3 TWh Rate of heat consumption 3 % Main biomass substrates in Renewable Resources Plants: maize silage (> 90 %) cereal (50 %) whole plant cereals (about 50 %) grass silage (about 40 %) 08 P Fr 140

22 Maize silage as biogas substrate in Germany ha Area under maize silage Quelle: ZMP, Stat. Bundesamt, DMK Years 08 P Fr 141

23 Maize silage as biogas substrate in Germany Why is maize silage so popular as biogas substrate? Crop and production technique are well known Highest biomass and dry matter yields per hectare highest biogas and methane yield per hectare Maize can be grown after an early harvested winter crop, e.g. whole plant cereal high productivity per area land Logistics of harvest and preparation of silage are well optimised Availability of varieties for special needs in biogas sector 08 P Fr 142

24 Maize silage as biogas substrate in Germany Why is maize silage so negative as dominating biogas substrate? Maize is an agricultural crop that requires intensive production techniques, e.g. high nitrogen fertilisation, herbicide application Maize cultivation can lead to serious erosion if no preventive measures are used Higher rates of maize (>50 %) in crop rotations can lead to higher pest and disease pressure in maize and other crops Cultural landscape is becoming uniform Biodiversity on cultural land is reduced 08 P Fr 143

25 Other crops used as biogas substrate Sorghum millet - lots of varieties 08 P Fr 144

26 Research at the TFZ Cooperative Projekt EVA Standortangepasste Anbausysteme für Energiepflanzen Plant production Crops A, B, C and D in crop rotation X are in region Y adivisable Financed by BMELV over FNR e.v. more information at Ecology Economy 08 P Fr 145

27 Research at the TFZ Cooperative Projekt EVA Test of crop rotations with energy crops at 7 agricultural important regions in Germany 5 standard crop rotations 3 regional adjusted crop rotations additional field experiments concerning Minimisiation of factor input: fertilisation, plant protection, tilling Date of harvest and irrigation Mixed cropping and grassland Two-culture-systems Optimisation of substrate quality and biogas yield Ecological and economical modeling Standortangepasste Anbausysteme für Energiepflanzen LFA LfL 08 P Fr 146

28 Research at the TFZ Cooperative Projekt EVA Standortangepasste Anbausysteme für Energiepflanzen Crop rotations Year Barley Oil radish Sorghum Maize Barley Clover + Ryegrass Oat- Varietymixture 2006 Maize Rye Maize Rye Sorghum Clover + Ryegrass Triticale 2007 Triticale Sorghum Triticale Triticale Ryegrass Clover + Ryegrass Rapeseed 2008 Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat Biogas substrate Crop for sale 08 P Fr 147

29 Research at the TFZ Cooperative Projekt EVA 700 t DM/ha 600 Dry matetr yield crop 5 crop 4 crop 3 crop 2 crop Crop rotations and first year 08 P Fr 148

30 Thank you for your attention! More information at 08 P Fr 135