Operational Flexibility in Electric Power Systems

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Operational Flexibility in Electric Power Systems Author(s): Ulbig, Andreas Publication Date: 2014 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO Operational Flexibility in Electric Power Systems A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by ANDREAS ULBIG Dipl.-Ing. (Technische Kybernetik), Universität Stuttgart Diplôme de Master recherche, Supélec born on 16 September 1981 in Halle (Saale), Germany citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Göran Andersson, examiner Prof. Dr. David J. Hill, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Martin Greiner, co-examiner 2014

3 Abstract This doctoral thesis deals with operational flexibility in power system operation and analyzes its role for mitigating operation disturbances and improving the grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The topic of this thesis is motivated by the increasing challenges for power system operation, mainly due to rising energy shares from variable RES but also caused by impacts of power market liberalization, notably higher grid utilization. Operational flexibility is an important property of electric power systems, especially for the transition of existing power systems, many of them based on fossil fuels, to power systems effectively accommodating high shares of variable RES. Availability of sufficient operational flexibility is a necessary precondition for the grid integration of large energy shares from variable RES, notably wind turbines and Photovoltaic (PV) units. The provision of operational flexibility can be enabled and improved by introducing more sensing, i.e. sensor elements, computation, e.g. in the form of operation optimization schemes, as well as control, i.e. actuators, into power system operation. Improving controllability & observability of power system processes will help to improve power system operation and management, i.e. allowing a more secure, efficient and stable operation. The role of operational flexibility for power system operation is discussed and analyzed from different angles, ranging from power system modeling approaches to analytic approaches inspired by well-known control theory concepts to qualitative and quantitative simulation-based assessments. A supplementary idea that is discussed is the concept of control-based grid adaptation as an alternative to conventional hardware-based grid adaptation for the operational challenges related to large-scale RES deployment. This allows a cost-saving trade-off between costs for computation and communication versus conventional grid investment. vii

4 viii Abstract The doctoral thesis is structured in three parts, each part addressing separate topic streams. Part I New Challenges & Opportunities in Power Systems An overview of paradigm change in power system operation is given. Some of the important new challenges to power system operation and control, mainly related to the large-scale deployment of variable RES units but also to increasing power market activity and rising electricity demand in conjunction with only limited grid reinforcement at the same time, are illustrated. A discussion of opportunities for mitigating these operational challenges concludes this part. Part II Modeling Frameworks for Power & Energy Systems An overview of established modeling frameworks for power & energy systems is given. Notably, the Network-Preserving Model Framework and the Energy Hub Concept are presented and the motivation for complementary modeling frameworks is discussed. The Power Nodes Modeling Framework is presented. New contributions and insights to this modeling approach conclude this part. Part III Modeling & Analysis of Operational Flexibility A discussion of operational flexibility in power systems, necessary flexibility metrics and modeling approaches, both for individual units as well as for aggregations (pools) of diverse power system units introduces the topic. Then an analysis of operational flexibility in power systems is presented. First, a purely qualitative analysis of the flexibility of individual power system units and small pools is conducted. Second, a more quantitative analysis of the operational flexibility of the German, Swiss and interconnected European power system is conducted.

5 Kurzfassung Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Thematik der operativen Flexibilität im Betrieb elektrischer Energiesysteme und analysiert deren Rolle für die Dämpfung von Betriebsstörungen und die Verbesserung der Netzintegration von fluktuierend-einspeisenden Erneuerbaren Energien (EE). Das Doktoratsthema wird mit der Zunahme an Herausforderungen im Stromnetzbetrieb begründet. Diese werden hauptsächlich durch den steigenden EE-Anteil im Strommix aber auch durch die Auswirkungen der Liberalisierung des Stromsektors, vor allem der höheren Netzauslastung, verursacht. Operative Flexibilität ist eine wichtige Eigenschaft elektrischer Energiesysteme, insbesondere für die Transition der existierenden Energiesysteme, meist basierend auf fossilen Brennstoffen, zu Energiesystemen die hohe Anteile fluktuierender EE effektiv aufnehmen können. Die Verfügbarkeit ausreichender operativer Flexibilität ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die Netzintegration grosser Leistungsanteile von fluktuierenden EE, insbesondere von Windturbinen und Photovoltaik- Anlagen. Die Bereitstellung operativer Flexibilität kann durch die Einführung von mehr Sensorik, sprich Sensorelementen, Rechenleistung, z.b. in Form betrieblicher Optimierungsmethoden, sowie Regelungseingriffen, durch entsprechende Aktuatoren, im Netzbetrieb ermöglicht und/oder verbessert werden. Eine grössere Steuerbarkeit und Beobachtbarkeit von Stromnetzprozessen wird dazu beitragen, Netzbetrieb und -management zu verbessern, damit dieses immer sicher, effizient und stabil betrieben werden kann. Die Rolle operativer Flexibilität für den Netzbetrieb wird von verschiedenen Blickwinkeln aus diskutiert und analysiert. Diese reichen von Modellierungsansätzen für Energiesysteme zu regelungstheorie-inspirierten analytischen Ansätzen hin zu simulationsbasierten qualitativen und quantitativen Analysen. ix

6 x Kurzfassung Eine in der Arbeit diskutierte Idee ist das Konzept einer kybernetischen, sprich regelungstechnik-basierten, Stromnetzanpassung als Alternative zur herkömmlichen physikalisch-basierten Stromnetzanpassung für die operativen Herausforderungen des EE-Ausbaus. Dies erlaubt einen kostensparenden Kompromiss zwischen den Kosten für benötigte Rechenleistung & Kommunikation und denen für konventionellen Netzausbau. Die Dissertation ist in drei Teile strukturiert, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Themenfeldern befassen. Teil I Neue Denkansätze für Elektrische Energiesysteme Eine Übersicht zum Paradigmenwechsel im Netzbetrieb wird vorgestellt. Einige der wichtigsten neuen Herausforderungen an Netzbetrieb & -regelung, verursacht hauptsächlich durch den umfangreichen EE-Ausbau aber auch durch zunehmende Strommarktaktivität und steigenden Stromverbrauch bei gleichzeitig begrenzten Netzausbau, werden dargestellt. Eine Diskussion zu Lösungsmöglichkeiten für diese betrieblichen Herausforderungen beendet diesen Teil. Teil II Modellierungskonzepte für Strom- & Energiesysteme Eine Übersicht über etablierte Modellierungsmethoden für Strom & Energiesysteme wird vorgestellt. Insbesondere das sogenannte strukturerhaltende Modell eines elektrischen Energiesystems (Network Preserving Model) als auch das Energy Hub Modellierungskonzept werden vorgestellt. Die Motivation für hierzu komplementäre Modellierungsmethoden wird diskutiert. Das Power Nodes Modellierungskonzept wird vorgestellt. Die Diskussion neuer konzeptioneller Beiträge and Erkenntnisse hierzu beenden diesen Teil. Teil III Modellierung & Analyse Operativer Flexibilität Das Konzept operativer Flexibilität in Energiesystemen als auch dafür notwendige Flexibilitätsmetriken und Modellierungsansätze, sowohl für einzelne Kraftwerks-, Speicher- oder Lasteinheiten als auch für Aggregationen (Pools) aus verschiedenen Einheiten werden vorgestellt. Darauf folgt eine Analyse der operativen Flexibilität in elektrischen Energiesystemen. Zuerst wird eine rein qualitative Analyse der operativen Flexibilität einzelner Stromsystemeinheiten und kleiner Pools durchgeführt. Es folgt eine quantitative Flexibiltiätsanalyse des deutschen und schweizerischen Stromnetzes als auch des europäischen Verbundstromnetzes.

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